Other test methods

There are many other test methods used to characterize carbon blacks for quaHty control and specification purposes. Table 5 Hsts some of these methods which, with a few exceptions, have been adopted by ASTM. 

The considerations applicable to corrosion test methods also apply to tests for inhibited products. The metals and alloys used, their surface preparation, the temperature, flow rate, composition of the test medium, the presence of heat transfer, and so on, must all be relevant to the proposed use of the inhibited product. As with other test methods there are those tests... 

The flocculation and restabilization behaviour indicated by the filtrability results is well matched by other test methods, including simple settling tests and a newly-developed optical monitoring technique (13). All of these methods give essentially the same optimum polymer concentration. 

Other test methods are the powder bulk, aerated, and layer tests [137,138]. Several systems in-house built are available. All of these tests operate on the principle that a layer of the substance under investigation is heated in a circulating air oven as the temperature is increased. Air is transported through the sample (in the aerated test, the air flow is downward through the sample), and the temperature of the powder at several places is recorded. 

To determine the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, approved methods (e.g., EPA SW-846 8021B, SW-846 8260) are not only recommended but are insisted upon for regulatory issues. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be present in condensate, and evaluation of condensate contamination should include the use of other test methods (EPA SW-846 8270, SW-846 8310) provided that the detection limits are adequate to the task of soil and groundwater protection. Generally, at least one analysis may be required for the most contaminated sample location from each source area. Condensate releases in nonsensitive areas require analysis for naphthalene only. The analysts should ensure that the method has detection limits that are appropriate for risk determinations. 

The data from the density (specific gravity) test method (ASTM D1298 IP 160) provides a means of identification of a grade of naphtha but is not a guarantee of composition and can only be used to indicate evaluate product composition or quality when used in conjunction with the data from other test methods. Density data are used primarily to convert naphtha volume to a weight basis, a requirement in many of the industries concerned. For the necessary temperature corrections and also for volume corrections, the appropriate sections of the petroleum measurement tables (ASTM D1250 IP 200) are used. 

Where large cable trays feed into the control building or I/O room, these openings or wall penetrations should be sealed against fire and smoke. Penetration seals should be provided that are or should meet the appropriate test requirements of ASTM E 814, Standard Method of Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops or other test methods, such as IEEE 634, Testing of Fire Rated Penetration Seals. 

This accelerated stability test method is preferred by some fuel refiners and marketers over other test methods used to determine the stability of distillate fuel. The more severe test conditions, relatively short test time period, and similarity of this method to ASTM D-873, Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method) contribute to its acceptance. 

The major problem in testing today is designing tests which measure the desired property tests that predict failure, rupture, etc., with confidence. There are many in-house tests, tests developed by a particular company to measure a specific property, which may relate to tests already accepted by the ASTM. However, results of these in-house tests should not be directly compared with results derived from other test methods. 

The same test method, although not standardized, can be used to characterize the laminate in-plane shear behavior. This is accomplished by winding a multiorientation (hoop/helical and/or helical only) tube. Other test methods that can be used to measure in-plane shear stiffhess/strength of filament wound composites are discussed by Tamopol skii and Kinds [45]. These methods include schemes for torsion of intact rings and split rings. Both of these ring test methods are used to evaluate the in-plane shear modulii G0r and G0z for a filament-wound laminate. 

The empirical tests described below determine the chalking and weathering differences between two pigments, but do not always give the true differences. Other test methods have therefore been developed, e.g., determination of mass losses on weathering (gravimetric test) [1.51]. 

Note Accdg to Dr. Van Dolah (Ref 47), the up-and-down method, first developed in 1944, has been most commonly used for the impact sensitivity test of expls, but can be applied to many other test methods, including the gallery tests... 

For instance, the extensive time that was spent with the optical microscope examining the Seip materials was absolutely essential and could not have been replaced by more reading about the subject, or by any other test method or analysis. The same is true for the time spent with the macroscope. 

Other test methods used to determine the swelling properties of bituminous coals include the Ruhr test method (ISO 8264) and Audibert-Amu (ISO 349) test method. However, these two test methods provide consistently different values... 

Other test methods include those in which the induction phase is conducted by intradermal injection together with Freund s adjuvant (a chemical mixture that enhances the antigenic response) and the challenge by dermal application, or tests in which both induction and challenge doses are topical but the former is accompanied by intradermal injections of Freund s adjuvant. It is important that compounds that cause primary skin irritation be tested for skin sensitization at concentrations low enough that the two effects are not confused. 

It is most important that expert systems should be properly validated, just like any other test method. This is especially so at the present time, because (Q)SAR and expert systems potentially offer the most realistic and practical way to address the requirements of the recent European Union White Paper on chemicals testing (Anon., 2001 Worth and Balls, 2003). Unfortunately, this is not happening and in some situations, such as COMPACT and CASE, the systems are being used only by one research group. The validation of these approaches will require special considerations as outlined in Chapter 20 as well as Worth et al. (1998) and Worth and Cronin (2004). 

Other test methods can also be used to assess ignitability, together with other properties. Some important ones are the cone calorimeter (ASTM E 1354,71 Figure 21.7, which has the assessment of heat and smoke release as its primary purpose) the OSU calorimeter (ASTM E 906,38 Figure 21.8, which also... 

Subsequently, the ignition temperature and the HRC parameter can be determined and used to compare PCFC data with data from other test methods. The HRC is defined as the ratio of the heat release rate and the heating rate. The peak heat release rates determined in cone calorimeter experiments correlate well with peak HRC data from PCFC experiments. In terms of other tests, results from the LOI (ASTM D 2863) test method exhibit a reciprocal correlation with HRC values, while HRC can also be a rough indicator for UL 94 ratings. In approximate terms, it has been said that HRC results can classify materials into three ranges of material flammability, as follows ... 

Within ASTM, technical committees associated with plastics, electrical materials, textiles, protective clothing, thermal insulation, consumer products, detention and correctional facilities, and ships have developed tests that are often application tests that are of specific interest to the products involved. One fire test has spawned more application standards than any other, primarily because of its vast use in the United States ASTM E 84 (Steiner tunnel). Thus, NFPA 262, UL 1820, UL 1887, ASTM E 2231, ASTM E 2404, ASTM E 2573, ASTM E 2579, and ASTM E 2599 are all test methods and practices based on the Steiner tunnel test. In some cases, the base apparatus is being modified (although usually it is permissible to conduct the ASTM E 84 test in the apparatus of the other test, but it is often not permissible to conduct the other test in any apparatus complying with the ASTM E 84 apparatus). The other test method that has resulted in many application standards is the cone calorimeter the standards are ASTM D 5485, ASTM D 6113, ASTM E 1474, ASTM E 1740, and ASTM F 1550. 

The Dow Freeport in-service inspection procedures are similar to those reported earlier in this chapter. The Dow out-of-service (internal) inspection includes ultrasonic thickness measurements at all benchmark locations. Other test methods include shear wave ultrasonics, eddy current, and radiography. Engineers use ultrasonic thickness readings to project the remaining useful life of the vessel and to determine when the next internal inspection should be scheduled. 

Attempts in this laboratory to characterize real or artificial aging with other kinds of analytical observations (color, reflectance, pH, etc.) and to subject these data in turn to Arrhenius plots has been even less successful. In general, the magnitude of the observed change and the inherent analytical errors do not allow Arrhenius plots. Among the test methods used, folding endurance is unusually sensitive compared with other test methods with respect to aging and component composition. 

Comparison between the test results from this method and from other test methods As this test method can detect the explosion ratio, it is possible to determine propagation more quantitatively than with the 50/60 iron tube test, the 50/70 iron tube test and the US gap test Also the MKm ballistic mortar can be used for a similar test, but the limit for the MKm ballistic mortar is a 25mm diameter test sample. Meanwhile the MKm ballistic mortar has the advantage to beening able to test with a small mass... 

In addition to those standardized tests, two other test methods, monotonic creep and microhardness, have been developed by Hough and Wright [48]. In the monotonic creep test, the strain response to a constant stress rate is monitored. The deviation of the stress-strain characteristics in air and in the fluid of interest is taken to be the initiation of ESC. This method is shown to differentiate to a high resolution between polymers, and in the short term, the ESCR of polymer/fluid pairs that exhibit mild/weak interactions can be distinguished. The microhardness method, in which a pyramidal diamond indentor is pressed into the surface of the polymer component at a known load and for a known time, has the potential for mass screening of plastic/fluid compatibility, including extraction as well as absorption, and should be of interest to polymer suppliers. 

Spectral analysis techniques to study the behavior of pol3rmers subjected to dynamic mechanical loads and/or deformation is called Fourier Transform Mechanical Analysis (FTMA). FTMA measures the complex moduli over a range of frequencies in one test by exciting the sample by a random signal (band limited white noise) (13.14). FTMA overcomes or circumvents problems inherent in other test methods because it measures dynamic mechanical properties over a wide range of frequency with minimal temperature and moisture changes within the sample. 

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