Viruses vaccines

Optoelectronics Optosil Oraflex Oragrafin Oral care products Oral contraceptives Oral formulations Oral polio virus vaccine Oral toxicity Oramec Orange... 

When amphotericin B or diuretics are administered with ACTH, the potential for hypokalemia is increased. There may be an increased need for insulin or oral antidiabetic drag s in the patient with diabetes who is taking ACTH. There is a decreased effect of ACTH when the agent is administered with the barbiturates. Profound muscular depression is possible when ACTH is administered with the anticholinesterase drugp. Live virus vaccines taken while taking ACTH may potentiate virus replication, increase vaccine adverse reaction, and decrease the patient s antibody response to the vaccine... 

Do not take live virus vaccinations (eg, smallpox) because of the risk of a lack of antibody response This does not include patients receiving the corticosteroids as replacement therapy. 

Japanese encephalitis JE-VAX virus vaccine en-ceph -ah-lie-tis vak -seen... 

Virus vaccines against measles, rubella, and mumps should not be given to pregnant women. 

Antibodies in the immune globulin preparations may interfere with the immune response to live virus vaccines, particularly measles, but also others, such as mumps and rubella It is recommended that the live virus vaccines be administered 14 to 30 days before or 6 to 12 weeks after administration of immune globulins. No known interactions have been reported with antivenins. 

Plasma digoxin levels may decrease when the drug is administered with bleomycin. When bleomycin is used witii cisplatin, there is an increased risk of bleomycin toxicity Pulmonary toxicity may occur when bleomycin is administered with other antineoplastic drugs. Plicamycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, and dactino-mycin have an additive bone marrow depressant effect when administered with other antineoplastic drugs. In addition, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, and dactinomycin decrease antibody response to live virus vaccines. Dactinomycin potentiates or reactivates skin or gastrointestinal reactions of radiation therapy There is an increased risk of bleeding when plicamycin is administered witii aspirin, warfarin, heparin, and the NSAIDs. 

A more general example fiom virus vaccine produetion is the rigorous examination of tissue cultures to exclude contamination with infectious agents fiom the sonrce animal or, in the cases of human diploid cells or cells fiom eontinuous cell lines, to detect... 

Adverse Effects Adverse effects are seen regularly in patients given mitoxantrone (see Table 26-3). Patients often experience bluish discoloration of the sclera and the urine for 24 hours after infusion.46 Transient leukopenia and neutropenia are common with a nadir 10 to 14 days after the infusion. Patients should avoid exposure to infectious individuals during this time.46 Patients taking mitoxantrone should not receive live virus vaccines other vaccines should be held for 4 to 6 weeks after a mitoxantrone dose.46 Amenorrhea, caused by a direct toxic effect on the ovary, may be permanent, an important consideration because the MS population includes women of childbearing potential.27... 

Hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1995. It is an inactivated whole virus vaccine that is administered in a... 

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is a live virus vaccine that should be used with caution in immunosuppressed children, such as those with cancer receiving chemotherapy, solid organ or bone marrow transplantation, or receiving other immunosuppressive drugs, such as steroids in a dose... 

The first rotavirus vaccine was a tetravalent rhesus rotavirus strain. It was licensed in the United States in 1998 and subsequently withdrawn from the market due to an association with intussusception. A pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine was approved by the FDA in February 2006. The exact mechanism by which the vaccine produces an immune response is unknown however, this live virus vaccine replicates in the small intestines and induces immunity. 

The whole cell pertussis vaccine has been highly associated with temperature elevations however, the prevalence has significantly decreased since the introduction of the acellular pertussis vaccine. Live virus vaccines are also associated with fever. 

The number of immunocompromised persons is continually increasing as advances are made in medicine. The life expectancy for persons with cancer, HIV infection, and solid organ or bone marrow transplantation is increasing. Vaccination provides one tool to prevent infection in the immunocompromised host however, the individual s immuno-suppressed state will alter the response to vaccine. In general all vaccinations should be updated prior to the person becoming immunosuppressed, if possible. Once a person becomes significantly immunosuppressed, live virus vaccines should be avoided. 

Household contacts of immunocompromised persons should have all routine vaccines as scheduled, including yearly influenza vaccination. Children in the household may receive live virus vaccines without special precautions however, if a rash develops following varicella vaccination, contact should be avoided with the immunocompromised host until the rash resolves. 

Okamoto S, Yoshii H, Ishikawa T et al (2008) Single dose of inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine with poly(y-glutamic acid) nanoparticles provides effective protection from Japanese encephalitis virus. Vaccine 26 589-594... 

Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk Inactivated poliomyelitis virus vaccine parenteral)... 

Two inactivated virus vaccines are currently licensed in the United States, Havrix and Vaqta. Approved dosing recommendations are shown in Table 25-3. Seroconversion rates >94% are achieved with the first dose. 

Inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine (annual) 0.5 mL intramuscularly (Bll)... 

Patients with active malignant disease may receive killed vaccines or toxoids but should not be given live vaccines. Live virus vaccines may be administered to persons with leukemia who have not received chemotherapy for at least 3 months. 

If a person has been receiving high-dose corticosteroids or have had a course lasting longer than 2 weeks, then at least 1 month should pass before immunization with live virus vaccines. 

Although HPV vaccination is not specifically recommended for females with the medical indications described in Figure 2, Vaccines that might be indicated for adults based on medical and other indications," it is not a live-virus vaccine and can be administered. However, immune response and vaccine efficacy might be less than in persons who do not have the medical indications described or who are immunocompetent. 

Varicella virus vaccine is recommended for all children 12 to 18 months of age with a second dose prior to entering school between 4 and 6 years of age. It is also recommended for persons above this age if they have not had chickenpox. Persons aged 13 years and older should receive two doses separated by 4 to 8 weeks. 

Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. et al., Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 3043, 1996. 

Youssef, S.A.H., Effect of subclinical lead toxicity on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle s disease virus vaccine, Res. Vet. Sci. 60, 13, 1996. 

No, smallpox vaccine does not contain smallpox virus but another live virus called vaccinia virus. Since this virus is related to smallpox virus, vaccination with vaccina provides immunity against infection from smallpox virus. 

Viral vaccines are cultivated on inanimate media. Some examples include hepatitis b vaccine, influenza virus vaccine, measles virus vaccine, rabies vaccine, rubella vaccine, and yellow fever vaccine. The viral vaccines are available as lyophilized powder for reconstitution, or suspension for injections,... 

The strength may be in the form of the quantity of virus estimated to infect half (50%) of the inoculated culture, tissue culture infectious doses (TCID5o). For example, rubella virus vaccine contains 1,000 TCID50, which means each dose contains one thousand times the amount of virus present in one tissue culture infectious dose. 

Each mL of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) virus vaccine contains not less than 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Measles virus 10,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Mumps virus and 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Rubella virus. The first dose (half mL SC) of this vaccine is recommended at the age of 12 to 15 months. What is the dose strength for the Measles virus ... 

Each mL of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) virus vaccine contains not less than 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Measles virus ... 

---