Measles virus vaccine, live, attenuated

MEASLES VIRUS VACCINE, LIVE, ATTENUATED (Attenuvax)... 

Measles vaccines Live attenuated strains of measles virus Active immunization against measles... 

Rubella vaccines Live attenuated strain of rubella virus Active immunization against rubella (German measles)... 

Live measles virus vaccine is available in monovalent (measles only) form and in combinations measles-rubella (MR) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines. Measles vaccines based on further attenuated strains (beyond the level of the original strain, for example the Edmonston B strain or Schwarz strain) produces a mild or subclinical and non-communicable infection. 

An example of the use of an attenuated virus is the administration of the measles vaccine to an individual who has not had measles. The m easles (rubeola) vaccine contains the live, attenuated measles virus. The individual receiving the vaccine develops a mild or modified measles infection, which then produces immunity against the rubeola virus. The measles vaccine protects 95% of the recipients for several years or, for some individuals, for life. An example of a killed virus used for immunization is the cholera vaccine. This vaccine protects those who receive the vacdne for about 3 to 6 months. 

A trivalent vaccine containing the live attenuated viruses for measles, mumps and rubella was first introduced in the United States in the early 1970s by Merck and Co Inc. Since that time, other triple vaccines have been developed using various different viral strains and many coim-tiies have licensed them either as the sole vaccine... 

Live attenuated viruses, e.g. measles, mumps and yellow fever viral vaccines. 

Many of the more prominent vaccine preparations in current medical use consist of attenuated viral particles (Table 10.11). Mumps vaccine consists of live attenuated strains of Paramyxovirus parotitidis. In many world regions, it is used to routinely vaccinate children, often a part of a combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain of the mumps vaccine, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97%. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1, 2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Live attenuated virus vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) have been combined into a single vaccine known as MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine is effective as the single-virus vaccine composed of the respective strains and has been shown to be highly effective. The immunity induced by MMR is long lasting and may be lifelong. 

The most notable example of live attenuated vaccines is the smallpox vaccine, first developed by Edward Jenner, although the origin of the vaccine (vaccinia virus) remains obscure. More recent examples of live attenuated vaccines include most of the viral vaccines currently in use, such as measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) and varicella zoster (VZV) vaccines, and some... 

Rubella vaccine (German measles vaccine, live. Meruvax II, Merck) is a live, attenuated ruhella virus produced in human diploid cell culture. The antigen form of the vaccine is whole virus. The antigen type is protein. The vaccine i.s administered as part of the normal immunization schedule at 15 month.s. Side effects arc minimal, but there may be some soreness and pain at the site of injection and. stiffness of the joints. 

MMR vaccine was introduced to the UK in 1988 for young children of both sexes, replacing single antigen measles vaccine. It consists of a single dose of a lyophilized preparation of live attenuated strains of the measles, mumps and rubella viruses. MMR had previously been deployed in the USA and Scandinavia for a significant number of years without any indication of increased adverse reaction or of decreased sero-conversion over separate administration of the component parts. Immunization results in sero-conversion to all three viruses in >95 % of re-... 

Vaccination against viruses, such as influenza and measles, commonly involves parenteral (subcutaneous or intramuscular) administration of a live, attenuated virus or a killed virus. The inhalation route is being examined as a means of immunizing patients because it circumvents logistical problems associated with parenteral administration, such as needle sterility issues, patient aversion to needles, and the need for administration by a health care professional. In very young children, maternally derived IgG antibodies may prevent successful immunization [118]. The inhalation route may allow vaccination of these children because the immunological response of the airways is less likely to be influenced by maternal antibodies [118], Aerosol immunization has been shown to be effective against measles [119] and, in some respects, is more efficacious than parenteral immunization [120],... 

Rubella vaccine contains lyophiUzed live attenuated rubella virus grown in human diploid cell culture. The vaccine is available alone or in combination with measles or mumps vaccine or both. Each 0.5-mL dose also contains 25 meg neomycin. 

Chandra, R. K. (1975b) Reduced serum and secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and polio virus vaccines in malnourished children, Br, Med, J. 2 583. 

Perhaps surprisingly, all of the most successful attenuated viral vaccine strains in current use were produced by empirical methods long before the genetic basis of pathogenesis by the specific pathogen was understood. Thus, attenuated strains of polio virus for use as a live, oral vaccine (Sabin) were selected by growth of viruses isolated from human cases under cultural conditions that did not permit replication of neuropathogenic virus. Comparable procedures were used to select the attenuated virus strains that are currently used in live measles, mumps, rubella and yellow fever vaccines. 

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