Mucosal vaccination

Trolle, S., Andremont, A. and Fattal, E. (1998) Towards a multipurpose mucosal vaccine using phosphorylcholine as an unique antigen STP Pharmasciences 8, 19-30. 

Sliitter B, Plapied L, Fievez V et al (2009) Mechanistic study of the adjuvant effect of biodegradable nanoparticles in mucosal vaccination. J Control Release 138 113-121... 

Vajdy, M. and Singh, M. 2005. The role of adjuvants in the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert Opinion on... 

J. Singh, S. Pandit, V. W. Bramwell, and H. O. Alpar. Diphtheria toxoid loaded poly-(e-caprolactone) nanoparticles as mucosal vaccine delivery systems. Methods 38 96-105 (2006). 

M. T. De Maqistris. Zonula occludens toxin as a new promising adjuvant for mucosal vaccines. Vaccine 24 S60-S61 (2006). 

Edible food sources have been tested to deliver vaccines orally for example, transgenic potato tuber-based vaccines have been developed. Other food sources, such as bananas, tomatoes, and corn, are being tested in laboratories (see Section 11.12). Mucosal vaccines, utilizing genetically modified enterotox-ins, are delivered intranasally. Research in this area has to ensure the safety aspect of using enterotoxins. 

Webster, D.E., Smith, S.D., Rickering, R.J., Strugnell, R.A., Dry, I.B., and Wesselingh, S.L. (2006). Measles virus hemagglutinin protein expressed in transgenic lettuce induces neutralizing antibodies in mice following mucosal vaccination. Vaccine 24(17) 3538-3544. 

The induction of an immune response by various mucosal routes is an important approach for the control of mucosally acquired infections. The apparent linked nature of the mucosal immune system enables the delivery of an antigen to any mucosal surface to have the secondary effect of potentially inducing immunity at others. Induction of a combination of systemic and secretory immune responses can be determined by the nature of the antigen, the route of administration, and the delivery system utilized. For example, traditional parenteral vaccines primarily induce IgM and IgG responses, whereas mucosal vaccination can elicit both IgG and secretory IgA responses (Corthesy, 2007). 

Walker, R.I. (1994). New strategies for using mucosal vaccination to achieve more effective immunization. Vaccine 12(5) 387—400. 

Killeen, K., D. Spriggs, and J. Mekalanos, Bacterial mucosal vaccines Vibrio cholerae as a live attenuated vaccine/vector paradigm. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 1999. 236 237-54. 

Morein, B., M. Villacres-Eriksson, and K. Lovgren-Bengtsson, Iscom, a delivery system for parenteral and mucosal vaccination. Dev Biol Stand, 1998. 92 33-9. 

Vaccine antigens have been encapsulated inside polymeric particles and shown to stimulate production of antigen-specific serum antibody responses as well as mucosal IgA. Since bioadhesive microparticles can be produced this is proving to be an attractive avenue for the exploration of intranasal and other mucosal vaccines. 

McNeela EA, Connor D, Gill J, et al. A mucosal vaccine against diphtheria. Vaccine 2000 19(9-10) 1188-1198. 

Payne LG, Jenkins SA, Andrianov A, Roberts BE. Water-soluble phosphazene polymers for parenteral and mucosal vaccine delivery. Pharm Biotechnol 1995 6 473-493. 

MALT Mucosal vaccination Mucosal tolerance Nasal/oral inhalation Treatment agent allergies Hyperresponsiveness... 

Nevertheless, there is also accumulating evidence that a certain regionalization exists in the mucosal immune system, in particular a dichotomy between the gut and the upper respiratory tract. Differences in the antigenic repertoire, adhesion molecules or chemokines involved in leukocyte extravasation might explain this disparity. Primed immune cells may tend to home to the effector sites corresponding to the inductive sites, where the initial antigen contact took place. Such regionalization within the common mucosal immune system has to be taken into account in the development of certain mucosal vaccines [11]. 

It is of particular clinical relevance to test the effects of mucosal allergen application in already sensitized organisms. The obvious advantage of the use of so-called hypoallergenic molecules lies in their risk-free application. Thus, the practical consequences from such experimental studies could include the development of low-risk mucosal vaccines based on the induction of tolerance - with or without the use of certain mucosal antigen delivery systems. 

In comparison to conventional immunotherapy, the use of mucosal vaccines could have tremendous advantages, such as the ease of application leading to a better compliance of the patient and/or the application of patient-tailored constructs with increased efficacy and reduced anaphylactic side reactions. 

Van der Lubben, I.M., et al. 2002. Transport of chitosan microparticles for mucosal vaccine delivery in a human intestinal M-cell model. J Drug Target 10 449. 

Medaglini, D., et al. 1997. Commensal bacteria as vectors for mucosal vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases Vaginal colonization with recombinant streptococci induces local and systemic antibodies in mice. Vaccine 15 1330. 

McLean, C.S., D. NiChallanain, I. Duncan, M.E.G. Boursnell, R. Jennings, and S.C. Inglis. 1996. Induction of a protective immune response by mucosal vaccination with a DISC HSV-1 vaccine. Vaccine 14 987. 

Cardenas-Freytag, L., et al. 2002. Partial protection against experimental vaginal candidiasis after mucosal vaccination with heat-killed Candida albicans and the mucosal adjuvant LT(R192G). Med My col 40 291. 

Uehling, D.T., et al. 2003. Phase 2 clinical trial of a vaginal mucosal vaccine for urinary tract infections. J Urol 170 867. 

The lipid-core peptide (LCP) system (Toth et al. 1993 Moyle et al. 2003) (Fig. 11.3) is a delivery system which conjugates synthetic lipoamino acids (a-amino acids with long alkyl side chains) through a polylysine MAP system (or a carbohydrate) (McGeary et al. 2001, 2002) to multiple copies of one or several different peptide antigens. The LCP system induces similar immune responses when LCP-based vaccines are co-administered with conventional adjuvants and represents a promising system for mucosal vaccine development. 

The mucosal vaccines approved for human use include typhoid, cholera, adenovirus, Sabin oral polio, and rotavirus vaccines. New mucosal vaccine strategies are focused on development of non-replicating subunit vaccines, DNA, plant, and other types of recombinant vaccines as well as the use of mucosal adjuvants preferably inbuilt into the vaccine. The conjugation of lipids to peptide antigens is one approach which enables the production of highly... 

Fischetti, V. A., Medaglini, D. A., and Pozzi, G. (1996). Gram-positive commensal bacteria for mucosal vaccine delivery. Gun. Opin. Biotechnol. 7, 659—666. 

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