Containers vaccines

Adolescents 11 to 18 years of age An interval of 5 years, with a minimum of 2 years, between the last tetanus-containing vaccine is recommended to minimize local and systemic adverse events however, shorter intervals may be used. Adults 19 to 64 years of age Tdap should replace the next routine tetanus booster. Intervals as short as 2 years between Tdap and Td maybe used. 

Prevention of pertussis in infants less than 12 months of age Adults who have close contact with infants less than 12 months of age, especially parents, grandparents, and child care providers, should receive a single dose of Tdap. An interval of at least 2 years since the last tetanus-containing vaccine was given is suggested, but shorter intervals may be used. Ideally, Tdap should be given 1 month prior to contact with the infant. 

Tetanus-containing vaccines are well known for causing localized reactions however, all vaccines can cause local reactions. 

Most health care workers are at risk for exposure to many diseases in the normal course of their work. Additionally, health care workers may transmit vaccine-preventable diseases to their patients. At the time of employment and on a regular basis, health care workers should be screened for immunity to measles, rubella, and varicella if found to be non-immune, the measles, mumps, and rubella, and varicella vaccines should be administered. The hepatitis B series should be given if not already completed. Tetanus should be updated and given every 10 years. Health care personnel in hospitals and ambulatory settings with direct patient contact should receive Tdap if not already received an interval as short as 2 years from the last tetanus-containing vaccine should be used. Priority for receiving Tdap should be given to personnel with direct contact with infants less than 12 months of age. 

Adults with uncertain histories of a complete primary vaccination series with tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines should begin or complete a primary vaccination series. A primary series for adults is 3 doses of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines administerthe first2 doses at least 4 weeks apart and the third dose 6-12 months after the second. However, Tdap can substitute for any one of the doses of Td in the 3-dose primary series. The booster dose of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaocine should be administered to adults who have completed a primary series and if the last vaccination was received >10 years previously. Tdap or Td vaccine may be used, as indicated. 

The vaccine should not be given to immunosuppressed patients (except those infected with HIV) or pregnant women. HIV-infected persons who have never had measles or have never been vaccinated should be given measles-containing vaccine unless there is evidence of severe immunosuppression. The vaccine should not be given within 1 month of any other live vaccine unless the vaccine is given on the same day (as with the MMR vaccine). Measles vaccine is indicated in all persons born after 1956 or in those who lack documentation of wild virus infection either by history or antibody titers. 

The primary immunization series for pertussis vaccine consists of four doses given at ages 2, 4, 6, and 15 to 18 months. A booster dose is recommended at age 4 to 6 years. Adults up to age 64 should receive a pertussis-containing vaccine with their next tetanus vaccine. 

Tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines to GBS, brachial neuritis, and anaphylaxis. 

A 2004 report by the Institute of Medicine s Immunization Safety Review Committee concluded that available evidence favored rejection of a causal relation between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism. In like manner, a recent retrospective cohort study conducted by the CDC did not support a causal association between early prenatal or postnatal exposure to mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines and neuropsychological functioning later in childhood. 

Flarend RE, Hem SL, White JL, et al. 1997. In vivo absorption of aluminum-containing vaccine adjuvants using 26Al. Vaccine 15 1314-1317. 

Hviid A, Stellfeld M, Wohfahrts J, Melbye M. Association between thiomersal-containing vaccine and autism. J Am Med Assoc 2003 13 1763-6. 

Verstraetan T, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Lieu TA, Rhodes PH, Black SB, Shinefield H, Chen RT. Safety of thiomer-sal containing vaccines a two phased study of computerised health maintenance organisation data bases. Pediatrics 2003 112 1039-48. 

Geier MR, Geier DA. Neurodevelopmental disorders after thiomersal containing vaccines a brief communication. Exp Biol Med 2003 228 660-4. 

Persistent skin lesions occurred in three patients after the administration of aluminium hydroxide-containing vaccines. 

The Urabe Am9 strain was attenuated in Japan and has been used for the preparation of MMR and other mumps-containing vaccines in Japan and Europe. 

After the publication of the Institute of Medicine report, a literature search for adverse events after measles immunization, limited to publications published in 1994— 98, unearthed a considerable amount of data that strengthened the rare association of measles-containing vaccines with postinfectious encephalomyelitis (6). The report has also been criticized as an attempt to establish an adverse event of a vaccine, without a specific laboratory... 

Eight cases of mumps vaccine-associated meningitis have occurred in Canada. Mumps viruses have been isolated and characterized by nucleotide sequencing as Urabe Am9-like strains. Urabe mumps vaccine virus-containing vaccines are no longer licensed for sale in Canada (34). 

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