Vaccine, Sabin

Examples of attenuated vaccines are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for immunization against tuberculosis, Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis, attenuated Paramyxovirus parotitidus against mumps, and attenuated measles virus against measles. 

The original polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk (for whom the Salk Institute in LaJolla is named). It is a "killed" virus. However, over the years it was found that this did not always impart a complete immunity. The Sabin vaccine contains an attenuated virus. It is interesting to note that the Sabin vaccine can cause an active infection in a rare number of cases. 

Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)- TOPV (Sabin vaccine. I960) is a live attenuated whole virus vaccine (antigen type, protein) containing polio strains I. 2. and 3. The virus culture is grown on monkey kidney tissue with use of an elaborate attenuation protocol. Oral administration of the vaccine yields a local Gl infection, and the initial immune respon.se is via IgA (mucosal, local to the Gl tract). The IgA-antigen complex undergoes transcytosis across the mucosal membrane, and systemic immunity is induced as IgM and IgG form. A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. Indications ore... 

No medical or therapeutic procedure comes without some risk to the patient. All possible steps are taken to ensure safety, quality and efficacy of vaccines and immunological products (Chapter 23). The risks associated with immunization procedures must be constantly reviewed and balanced against the risks of, and associated with, contracting the disease. In this respect, smallpox vaccination in the UK was abandoned in the mid-1970s as the risks associated with vaccination then exceeded the predicted number of deaths that would follow importation of the disease. Shortly after this, in May 1980, the World Health Assembly pronounced the world to be free of smallpox. Similarly, the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in the USA and UK in the late 1990s was low with the majority of cases being related to vaccine use. As the worldwide elimination of poliomyelitis approaches, there is much debate as to the value of the live (Sabin) vaccine outside of an endemic area. 

Somehow, the status of alternative cancer therapies is akin to the role played by Australian nurse Sister Elizabeth Kenny in the treatment of polio. Her ways of assisting polio patients were more or less all that was available at the time, although often vilified, until the Salk and Sabin vaccines appeared on the scene. (With the qualifier that most new polio cases are now said to be caused by the vaccine itself.) Thus, we await the magic bullet for cancer, which may be unsuspected, but whose discovery may be fortuitous, as with penicillin and other antibiotics. No one would have anticipated that there could be such destroyers of infection as penicillin, though their existence and use were apparently known in native folklore medicine. Such may be the course for a cancer cure, that is, some native plant remedy may already be in existence, only awaiting discovery by modem medicine. Combining serendipity and purpose, someone might come up with an effective, universal vaccine. 

Lastly, it may be mentioned that there is a treatise-size book published in 1999 by Little, Brown with the title The River A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS. The author Eldward Hooper makes a convincing case for the impact of simian viruses that have invaded such live-virus vaccines as the Sabin vaccine. Massive vaccination programs of this sort have the potential of infecting everyone with stray viruses, and may already have, with unknown consequences. 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 15.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only eombined viral vaeeine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense, however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (PoWac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) poliovaccine (PolWac (oral)) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of vims of each of the three serotypes of poliovims. Influenza vaeeines, too, are eombined vaccines in that many contain components fiom as many as three vims strains, usually fiom two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

Poliomyelitis (live or oral) (Sabin type) Cell cultures infected with attenuated poliovirus of each of the three serotypes 1 Clarification 2 Blending of virus of three serotypes in stabilizing medium Infectivity titration of each of three virus serotypes Test for attenuation by Inoculation of spinal cords of monkeys and comparison of lesions with those produced by a reference vaccine... 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97 per cent. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1,2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

In the early 1960s, drug companies began to lobby for government indemnity for the vaccines they developed, tested, and produced. Because so many people are vaccinated at one time, particularly school-age children, ADRs from a vaccine can carry considerable liability. As more diseases have become vaccine-preventable, more ADRs have been reported. In 1974, impetus for indemnity increased when the courts upheld a jury verdict of 200,000 for a child who developed polio from the Sabin live-polio vaccine. ... 

In the 1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin from the University of Pittsburgh (USA) worked on polio vaccines. Salk used inactivated polio virus, whereas Sabin developed a live form of polio virus. 

Scientists differed as to which method provided the better vaccine. Both Salk and Sabin agreed that more tests were needed before a mass vaccination program could begin. 

Sabin, A.B., Oral poliovirus vaccine. History of its development and prospects for eradication of poliomyelitis. Jama, 1965. 194(8) 872-6. 

The current Sabin polio vaccine will give primary immunity within 5-14 days after administration and secondary immunity within 1-3 days after a booster dose. 

The World Health Organization advances the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin (1906-1993) as a safer alternative to the Salk vaccine. 

The mucosal vaccines approved for human use include typhoid, cholera, adenovirus, Sabin oral polio, and rotavirus vaccines. New mucosal vaccine strategies are focused on development of non-replicating subunit vaccines, DNA, plant, and other types of recombinant vaccines as well as the use of mucosal adjuvants preferably inbuilt into the vaccine. The conjugation of lipids to peptide antigens is one approach which enables the production of highly... 

Sabin, A. B., Fernandez de Castro, J., Flores Arechiga, A., Sever, J. L., Madden, D. L., and Shekarchi, I. (1982), Clinical trials of inhaled aerosol of human diploid and chick embryo measles vaccine, Lancet., 2, 604. 

Sabin, A. B., Albrecht, P., Takeda, A. K., Ribeiro, E. M., and Veronesi, R. (1985), High effectiveness of aerosolized chick embryo fibroblast measles vaccine in seven-month-old and older infants, J. Infect. Dis., 152,1231-1237. 

Figure 7.3 UV versus LIF detection of the CE separation of a 53 base pair RT-PCR product from the RNA of the polio virus vaccine, Sabin 3. An Hae Ill-digested d>X174 DNA marker was coinjected with the PCR product for size determination—note the 72 bp fragment. The same Sabin 3 concentration was used for each analysis, whereas the marker total DNA concentration varied from 200 mg/mL for UV analysis, to 20 mg/mL for LIF analysis. Note the unambiguous pattern observed with LIF for the Sabin 3 fragment compared to UV detection of the same fragment. Full scale UV detection, 0.005 absorbance unit (AU) LIF detection, 10 relative fluorescence units (RFU). [Reproduced with permission from Schwartz et al., J Capillary Electrophor 1 36 (1994). Copyright ISC Technical Publications, Inc.]...

Figure 7.9 CE separation and quantitation of the RT-PCR product (53 bp) from Sabin 3 strain of the polio virus vaccine. Discrete volumes of the template RNA were reverse transcribed and the complementary DNA PCR amplified. The resulting products were analyzed by CE-LIF using a replaceable gel matrix. With increasing amounts of RNA template, peak height and area also increased up to point (> 2.0 /nL template), whereupon the reaction plateaued.

The first non dye-based drug company was in fact Hungarian. Gideon Richter is still famed for its production of steroid-based drugs. Another, Chinoin, is part of Sanofi. The Soviet Union s Jonas Salk, Ilya Sabin, produced Sabin drops simultaneously with Salk s polio vaccine. Countries such as Finland adopted the Sabin drops in preference to Salk s injection. 

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