Materials science education

We also found that in the field of materials science education, both education and work force needed considerable reorientation. For historical reasons (listed in the study) synthesis processing had been neglected at university and Government laboratories. We also looked at the debate about the role of a principal investigator versus large facilities, such as the synchrotron radiation laboratories. We concluded that materials science needs all of these different modes of research, and no particular approach is more decisively effective than another. 

For the public, we made a video documentary of materials science education in which the National Academy of Sciences collaborated with WQED. This program was broadcast on public television as part of the Infinite Voyage series. The video on materials science education, called Miracles by Design , is useful for showing to students who are not sure what this field is all about. It covers the spectrum physics, chemistry, metals, ceramics, and polymers. An article in Business Week called The New Alchemy covered this field in some detail for the business community-... 

Air Force. His current interests include government policy for R D, particularly for materials R D, materials science education at K-12 levels, and enhanced public understanding of the roles and importance of technology in society. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Schwartz received both his B.S. in engineering and Ph.D. in materials science from Northwestern University. 

In Table 1, drawn up by the author, of abbreviations in common use those in bold type are in the main schedule of BS 3502. In this list the names given for the materials aie the commonly used scientific names. This situation is further complicated by the adoption of a nomenclature by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for systematic names and a yet further nomenclature by the Association for Science Education which is widely used in British schools but not in industry. Some examples of these are given in Table 2. Because many rubbery materials have been referred to in this book. Tables 3 and 4 list abbreviations for these materials. 

David Turnbull, in his illuminating Commentary on the Emergence and Evolution of Materials Science (Turnbull 1983), defined materials science broadly as the characterisation, understanding, and control of the structure of matter at the ultramolecular level and the relating of this structure to properties (mechanical, magnetic, electrical, etc.). That is, it is Ultramolecular Science . In professional and educational practice, however, he says that materials science focuses on the more complex features of behaviour, and especially those aspects controlled by crystal... 

Figure 14.1. Estimated emphasis on three broad fields - Werkstoffwissenschaft = materials science Maschinenbau/E-technik = mechanical and electrical engineering Physik-Chemic = physics and chemistry - in MSE education at various German universities from (DGM 1994).

We live in a complex, rapidly changing, material world, major aspects of which require an understanding of the ideas of chemistiy. Education for scientific literacy in respect of the public - people of all ages - is now widely seen as a general goal for science education, whether pursued formally or informally. It seems appropriate to talk about chemical literacy - the contribution that chemistry can make to scientific literacy - and to amend the hitherto general discussions to focus on this particular aspect (Laugksch, 2000 Roberts, 2007). 

Context-based curricula developed in five countries were reviewed in a special issue of the International Journal of Science Education (2006, bl. 28, Number 9). Schwartz (2006) discussed the American experience with ChemCom Chemistry in the Community, and mainly with Chemistry in Context (CiC). Bennett and Lubben (2006) presented Salters Advanced C/zemixfiy that was developed in Britain. Hofstein and Kesner (2006) reported on Israeli materials focnsing on industrial chemistry as the main school chemistiy theme. Parchmaim et al. (2006) considered the German contextual version, Chemie im Kontext (CluK). Finally, Bulte,... 

Abad, 2006 Craft Miller, 2007). Nevertheless, there is a great lack of tested and evaluated material and teaching experience, especially concerning conceptual change and the debates about the nature of science (NOS) in science education where little attention had been paid to the development and evaluation of sophisticated teaching... 

He is a recognized expert in solid state and materials chemistry and environmental chemistry. He has active programs in solid state f-element chemistry and nanomaterials science. His current research interests include heavy metal detection and remediation in aqueous environments, ferroelectric nanomaterials, actinide and rare-earth metal sohd slate chemistry, and nuclear non-proliferation. He currently maintains a collaboration in nuclear materials with Los Alamos National Laboratory and a collaboration in peaceful materials science development with the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNIIEF, Sarov, Russia, U.S. State Department projects. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reviews, while presenting over 130 international and national invited lectures on his area of chemistry. Dr. Dorhout currently serves as Vice Provost for Graduate Studies and Assistant Vice President for research. He has also served as the Interim Executive Director for the Office of International Programs and as Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education for the College of Natural Sciences at Colorado State University. 

To inform and educate chemistry faculty and students in materials science. 

Materials Characterization. Regarding education in the characterization or analysis of materials—a central topic of materials chemistry—there is a similar hierarchy of importance of subjects that chemistry students (and faculty) will need to have learned. Reference 7 treats this topic systematically, and Roy and Newnham (11) presented a comprehensive (albeit somewhat outdated) presentation of the architecture of materials characterization. Thus Rutherford backscattering and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) are excellent characterization research tools, but in the sequence of tools used every day on every sample, they are insignificant. Thus for structural characterization, X-ray powder diffraction reigns supreme, yet the full power of the modern automated search routines that can be universally applied are taught only to a minuscule fraction of even the materials science student body. 

SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION of new courses and laboratories in materials science is available through National Science Foundation programs in both the Division of Undergraduate Education and the Division of Materials Research. The Division of Undergraduate Education has separate programs targeting laboratory, curriculum, and faculty. 

Recognizing that insufficient attention was being given to polymer topics in the chemistry curriculum, the ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry (POLY) formed the Polymer Education Committee in 1972. Shortly thereafter they were joined in this effort by the ACS Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics (now known as the Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering or PMSE), and the committee was called JPEC, the Joint Polymer Education Committee. Over the years, the Polymer Education Committee was very active and instituted a variety of programs... 

Clark, E. S, Journal of Educational Modules for Materials Science and Engineering, Vol 1, No. 3, Fall 1979. 

The full impact of these new provisions is yet to be fully recognized. What is being advocated is both that polymer chemistry is being recommended as advanced work but possibly of greater importance, that "basic aspects" of polymer chemistry be included in the core material. The education committees of a number of divisions and societies associated with polymer science are working towards adopting recommendations involved with these two major related points. 

Negishi, K. and Ri, H. U. (1987). Propagation of multi-mode ultrasonic pulses in non-destructive material evaluation. In Ultrasonic spectroscopy and its application to materials Science (Ed. Y. Wada), pp. 70-4. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan. [100,102]... 

Sherar, M. D., Noss, M. B., and Foster, F. S. (1987). Ultrasound backscatter microscopy images the internal structure of living tumour spheroids. Nature 330,493-5. [174] Shimada, H. (1987). Propagation of multi-mode ultrasonic pulses in non-destructive material evaluation. In Ultrasonic spectroscopy and its application to Materials science (ed. Y. Wada), pp. 50-6. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. [148] Shotton, D. M. (1989). Confocal scanning optical microscopy and its applications for biological specimens. J. Cell. Sci. 94,175-206. [177,200]... 

In short, and as in everything, we need to keep a balance between the temptations of biology and the temptations of materials science. We should certainly show how physical chemistry is relevant to these topics, but not lose sight of the simplicity of the central core of ideas that we are trying to convey. We must educate people into flexibility. 

Klavs F. Jensen is a professor of chemical engineering and materials science and a fellow of the Supercomputer Institute at the University of Minnesota. He received his undergraduate education at the Technical University of Denmark and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has been a visiting professor at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Technical University of Aachen. His research interests revolve around the chemistry of and transport phenomena related to electronic materials processing, including (1)... 

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