Applications to Materials Science

Arylamines display electronic properties that are favorable for materials science. In particular, arylamines are readily oxidized to the aminium form, and this leads to conductivity in polyanilines, hole-transport properties in triarylamines, stable polyradicals with low energy or ground-state, high-spin structures, and the potential to conduct electrochemical sensing. The high yields of the palladium-catalyzed formation of di- and triarylamines has allowed for ready access to these materials as both small molecules and discrete oligomeric or polymeric macromolecules. 

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Examples of the unique insights obtained by solid state NMR applications to materials science include the Si/Al distribution in zeolites, the hydrogen microstructure in amorphous films of hydrogenated silicon, and the mechanism for the zeolite-catalyzed oligomerization of olefins. ... 

The importance of carbon-centred radical cyclizations in organic chemistry has been documented in the large number of papers published each year and numerous reviews and books dealing with this subject. In Chapter 7 the reader can find a collection of such processes mediated by organosilanes. The silicon-centred radical cyclizations have instead received very little attention, although there has been a growing interest in silicon-containing compounds from a synthetic point of view, due to their versatility and applicability to material science. As we shall see, this area of research is very active and some recent examples show the potentiality of silyl radical cyclization in the construction of complex molecules. 

The chemical modification of fullerenes has received considerable attention in the last decade in order to achieve new applications to material sciences [27]. Fuller-ene-bonded polysilane derivatives might be expected to show high conductivity since Ceo-doped polysilane is found to be a good photoconductor [28]. Therefore, a variety of silylated derivatives have been obtained to date, although the available methods are limited to the photoinduced addition of various silanes to Ceo-... 

Three microbeam systems were developed at the TIARA facility for application to materials science and biotechnology. A heavy-ion microbeam system installed on a beam line of the 3-MV tandem accelerator is the first one developed to study single-event upset (SEU) of semiconductor devices used for space [36]. The microbeam system can focus heavy-ion beams such as a 15-MeV nickel ion with a spot size of less than 1 pm. In order to observe the SEU phenomena at a specific position of the microdevice, the microbeam system is equipped with a single-ion hit system, consisting of single-ion detectors and a fast beam switcher. 

There already exist a few books written on field ion microscopy. Most of these either were published before 1970 when most works were concerned with techniques and methods, or are later ones which emphasize applications to materials science. While some of the basic principles of field ion microscopy remain unchanged from those twenty years ago, when Muller and I wrote a book on the subject, there have been many important new theoretical and technical developments and applications, and also many more detailed studies of a variety of problems in surface science and materials science. In the book just referred to, the subject of atom-probe field ion microscopy was only barely touched. This is of course where most of the new developments are made, and is also the instrument now most actively employed by investigators in the field. In the present volume I try to emphasize basic principles of atom-probe field ion microscopy, field ion emission and applications to surface science. As books emphasizing applications to materials science already exist, only selected topics in this area are presented here. They are used to illustrate the various capabilities of atom-probe field ion microscopy in materials science applications. 

Applications to Materials Science, to be published by Mat. Res. Soc. (1989) see also the references listed in the last reference of Chapter 1. 

Negishi, K. and Ri, H. U. (1987). Propagation of multi-mode ultrasonic pulses in non-destructive material evaluation. In Ultrasonic spectroscopy and its application to materials Science (Ed. Y. Wada), pp. 70-4. Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan. [100,102]... 

Sherar, M. D., Noss, M. B., and Foster, F. S. (1987). Ultrasound backscatter microscopy images the internal structure of living tumour spheroids. Nature 330,493-5. [174] Shimada, H. (1987). Propagation of multi-mode ultrasonic pulses in non-destructive material evaluation. In Ultrasonic spectroscopy and its application to Materials science (ed. Y. Wada), pp. 50-6. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. [148] Shotton, D. M. (1989). Confocal scanning optical microscopy and its applications for biological specimens. J. Cell. Sci. 94,175-206. [177,200]... 

Chemical applications of Mnssbauer spectroscopy are broad (291—293) determination of electron configurations and assignment of oxidation states in structural chemistry polymer properties studies of surface chemistry, corrosion, and catalysis and metal-atom bonding in biochemical systems. There are also important applications to materials science and metaUuigy (294,295) (see Surface AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS). 

For the purposes of this review, aluminates can be defined as a binary section of a ternary oxide system with Al203 as one component. A large number of different aluminates can be made and it is not the purpose of this chapter to provide an exhaustive list of each different aluminate type or each application. Rather, it is the purpose of this chapter to provide a survey of the range of binary Al203-systems and to demonstrate the diversity of both their applications to materials science and to elaborate on the unusual... 

Metallo-phthalocyanines [M(Pc)] have attracted attention from view of their practical application to material science, but the vibrational spectra have been much less studied. This is partly due to low solubility in any solvent and difficulty in spectral analysis. The molecular vibrations of M(Pc) with D4h symmetry are factorized into 14 Aig + 13 A2g -I-14 Big -t- 14 B2g -I- 13 Eg -H 6 Ai + 8 A2 + 7 Bi -1- 28 E and their selection rules are the same as those described for M(OEP). 

B Blumich and W Kuhn, Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Methods and Applications to Material Science, Plants and Biomedicine, VCH, Weinheim, (1992)... 

Multisubstituted olefins (including those with heterocyclic substituents), their synthesis and applications to materials science and pharmaceutical chemistry 06BCJ811. 

The three important techniques in this category that are discussed are XPS (also frequently called ESCA), AES, and SIMS. The basic principles of these techniques are discussed only superficially. Recent literature on these three techniques with examples of applications to materials science problems is abundant [3-14]. The surface analysis technique ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), frequently discussed along with XPS, AES, and SIMS, is not considered in this chapter. Excellent recent reviews of this technique are available [15,16]. 

Contact X-ray microradiography or X-ray contact microscopy (XCM) has been applied to the largest range of specimens due to its simple implementation and considerable versatility. The biological sciences are the most important field of applications for XCM. The nonlinearity of resists makes the resist-based contact microscopy unsuitable for quantitative imaging, which considerably limits its application to materials science. However, quite opposite to the... 

Application to Materials Science—Ultratrace of Fe Atoms in Si and Dynamic Jumping... 

HREM is here taken to mean the resolution of the intermolecular or interatomic spacings in ordered materials. The theory and practice of this technique is well established [74-76] and its applications to materials science [77-79], to... 

The design of novel organofiillerenes with better redox properties will lead to interesting compounds exhibiting improved electrochemical properties for applications to materials science and biochemistry. 

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