Monitoring, biological

Based on data from extensive past biological monitoring within the industry, urinary arsenic testing for silicon-based processing is of limited value. Its primary utility continues to be associated with gallium arsenide-based processing, particularly in maintenance activities. 

The relationship between air-lead and blood-lead in the occupational setting will also vary as a function of the particle-size distribution and chemical speciation of the lead contained within occupational aerosols [25]. The uptake of inhaled lead varies as a function of the area of the respiratory tract in which it deposits. Deposition patterns within the lung, in turn, will vary as a function of particle size. Very fine 

The precise guidelines to be followed for the monitoring of lead-in-blood will vary as a function of regional regulatory requirements. In any workplace, it is important to establish a starting point for the exposure of a new employee. Accordingly, an exposure baseline should be obtained before any worker commences an activity that involves potential contact with lead or any of its compounds. Workers should then 

OSHA regulations allow the examining physician to determine most of the content reviewed in the examination. Benefits received from an examination will vary with the content of the examination. No matter what tests are included in the examination, there are certain important limitations of medical testing  

---

The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) has ruled that an employee s exposure to dimethyl acetamide in any 8-h work shift of a 40-h work week shall not exceed a time-weighted average of 10 ppm DMAC vapor in air by volume or 35 mg/m in air by weight (7). If there is significant potential for skin contact with DMAC, biological monitoring should be carried out to measure the level of DMAC metaboHtes in urine specimens collected at the end of the shift. One industrial limit is 40 ppm DMAC metaboHtes, expressed as AJ-methylacetamide [79-16-3] for individuals, and 20 ppm metaboHte average for workers on the job (8). 

In addition to limits on airborne lead, an OSHA regulation provides for biological monitoring and places limits on blood lead levels in workers of... 

B. L. Carson, H. V. Ellis, and J. L. McCann, Toxicology and Biological Monitoring of Metals in Humans, Lewis Pubhshers, Chelsea, Mich., 1986. 

T. W. Clarkson, ed.. Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1988. 

H. K. Dillon and M. H. Ho, Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemicals Metals, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. 

Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. 

It is essential to consult the specific BEI documentation before designing biological monitoring protocols and interpreting BEIs. 

Biological monitoring of cadmium workers is also recommended guidance on interpretation of results is given in EHl - Cadmium health and safety precautions.)... 

Substance Biological monitoring guidance values Monitoring schedule... 

For a few substances exposure may be assessed using biological monitoring (see page 114). Depending upon the substance the sampling strategy varies from post shift, random, or pre-shift the day after exposure. 

Pre-employment medical for selection and establishment of base levels Working conditions in specific areas Employees routine medicals, exposure profiles Biological monitoring where appropriate... 

Kneip, T.J., and Crable, J.V. (ed.) (1988) Methods for Biological Monitoring, Amencan Public Health Assoc., Washington DC. 

HS(Gjl67 Biological monitoring m the workplace - a guide to its practical application to chemical exposure... 

From a practical point of view, saturation of elimination has important consequences. If the metabolism becomes saturated, the duration of the action of the compound is prolonged. In such a case, correct timing for collection of biological monitoring samples also becomes difficult to assess. Furthermore, saturation of metabolism may also have qualitative effects. For example, it has been argued (but not yet proved) that arsenic compounds cause cancer at high doses at which methylation of inorganic arsenic becomes saturated. ... 

While occupational hygiene measurements always measure only the concentrations of chemical compounds present in the occupational environment, i.e., the potential dose, the analysis of biological specimens predominantly reflects the body burden. Furthermore, biological monitoring is always limited to assessment of individual exposure. Personal occupational hygiene sampling takes into consideration only some of the individual factors, e.g., working... 

Baselt RC Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals, 3rd ed. Litdeton, MA, PSG Publishing, 1997... 

Barr DB, Barr JR, Driskell WJ, et al. 1999. Strategies for biological monitoring of exposure for contemporary-use pesticides. Toxicol Ind Health 15 168-179. 

Chang MJW, Chen YC, Yang HJ. 1997. Comparative evaluation on the biological monitoring of exposure to parathion and its methyl analog. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32 422-425. 

He F. 1993. Biological monitoring of occupational pesticides exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 93 S69-S76. 

Mix MC. 1984. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment Occurrence and biological monitoring. In Hodgson E,ed. Reviews in environmental toxicology I. New York, NY Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 51-102. 

Kedwards, T.J., Maund, S.J., and Chapman, PE. (1999a and 1999b). Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies 1 Biological Monitoring and 11 Replicated design studies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 149-157 and 158-166. 

---