Materials science multilayers

Multilayer coatings of different composition and thickness are widely used in materials science and in the production of high-technology materials. The single- or multi-component thin layers significantly improve important characteristics of the materials with, e.g., specific properties. 

Greer, A.L. and Somekh, R.E. (1991) Metallic multilayers, in Proce.ssing of Metals and Alloys, ed. Cahn, R.W. Materials Science and Technology A Comprehensive Treatment, vol. 15 (VCH, Weinheim) p. 329. 

Today the successful application of TOF-SIMS in chemistry and material sciences covers all kinds of organic and inorganic materials—functionalized surfaces as well as mono-molecular or multilayer coatings with lateral structures down to the 50 nm range. TOF-SIMS is here applied in the... 

Conventional bulk measurements of adsorption are performed by determining the amount of gas adsorbed at equilibrium as a function of pressure, at a constant temperature [23-25], These bulk adsorption isotherms are commonly analyzed using a kinetic theory for multilayer adsorption developed in 1938 by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (the BET Theory) [23]. BET adsorption isotherms are a common material science technique for surface area analysis of porous solids, and also permit calculation of adsorption energy and fractional surface coverage. While more advanced analysis methods, such as Density Functional Theory, have been developed in recent years, BET remains a mainstay of material science, and is the recommended method for the experimental measurement of pore surface area. This is largely due to the clear physical meaning of its principal assumptions, and its ability to handle the primary effects of adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-substrate interactions. 

Nanoscale thin films and multilayers, nanocrystalline magnetic materials, granular films, and amorphous alloys have attracted much attention in the last few decades, in the field of basic research as well as in the broader field of materials science. Such... 

Molina-Aldareguia, J.M. (2002), Processing and nanoindentation behaviour of nitride multilayers , in Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 

Order and Mobility are two basic principles of mother nature. The two extremes are realized in the perfect order of crystals with their lack of mobility and in the high mobility of liquids and their lack of order. Both properties are combined in liquid crystalline phases based on the selforganization of formanisotropic molecules. Their importance became more and more visible during the last years in Material science they are a basis of new materials, in Life science they are important for many structure associated functions of biological systems. The main contribution of Polymer science to thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals as well as to biomembrane models consists in the fact that macromolecules can stabilize organized systems and at the same time retain mobility. The synthesis, structure, properties and phototunctionalization of polymeric amphiphiles in monolayers and multilayers will be discussed. 

A. R. Boccaccini, J. Janczak, D. M. R. Taplin and M. Kopf, The Multibarriers-System as a Materials Science Approach for Industrial Waste Disposal and Recycling Application of Gradient and Multilayered Microstructures, Environmental Technology 17, 1193-1203 (1996). 

Siqueira, Jr., J. R. Backer, M. Poghossian, A. Zucolotto, V. Oliveira, Jr., O. N. Schoning, M. J. Associating biosensing properties with the morphological stracture of multilayers containing carbon nanotubes on field-effect devices. Physica Status Solid A-Applications and Materials Science 207, 781-786 (2010)... 

Applications in the area of surface chemistry are abound. For instance, adsorbed layers of surfactants (Simister et al. 1992) or polymers (Henderson et al. 1993) can be studied in great detail. Finally, it should be noted that the most important solid-state physics/materials science application is polarized neutron reflectometry, by which magnetic multilayers are studied (see, e.g., Huang et al. 1993). The current status of neutron reflectometry can be checked in the proceedings of the conference series Surface X-ray and Neutron Scattering (Norman and Webster 1998). 

Materials science (microelectronics analysis, surface layers, multilayers, PIXE channeling of dopants in crystals, depth profiling, binary alloys, impurities deposited in nuclear fusion devices, magnetic relaxation in nanocrystalline iron, insulating materials, radiation-induced segregation, superconductors, catalysts, and diffusion studies). 

Prakash, O. and Moitra, A. (2006) Defects in multilayer plastic films II Streak formation in extruded films. Computational Materials Science, 37 12-14. 

Observation of the strengthening of Pt layers in Ni/Pt and Pd/Pt multilayers by in situ substrate curvature measurement. Materials Science and Engineering A319, 887-892. 

Applications of UV Raman are in the fields of biological and materials science, biochemistry, forensic sciences, etc., whereas application areas for both NIR and VIS Raman are polymers, polymerisation, paints, dyestuffs, pharmaceutical materials, alkaloids, minerals, explosives, multilayer films, hard disk quality control, etc. Especially NIR FT Raman spectroscopy finds promising applications in various fields, from latex systems [180] to textiles [181], Hendra et al. [182] and Schrader [183] have recently described application of NIR FT-Raman spectroscopy in the polymer industry. 

Extensive interface research is crucially essential for developing long-life, cost-effective, multilayer, polycrystalline, thin-film stacks for SECS. Microchemical analysis and other interface measuring techniques must be employed to solve the interfacial stability problems in the stacks. Important topical areas in solar materials interface science include thin films grain, phase, and interfacial boundaries corrosion and oxidation adhesion chemisorption, catalysis, and surface processes abrasion and erosion photon-assisted surface reactions and photoelectrochemistry and interface characterization methods. 

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