Laboratory sciences material productivity

In conclusion, it can be seen that thermal analysis is able to make a considerable contribution to forensic science. Because of its capability to differentiate between manufacturing lots, it has for years been employed in quality control laboratories to monitor production of polymeric products. Its capability of differentiating between materials of identical chemical composition on the basis of differences in molecular weight distribution and thermal or mechanical history should be a capability quite unique and useful to forensic science. With the advent of second-generation instrumentation, this technique can be usefully extended to the realm of submilligram level analysis. 

It seems plausible to assume that if chemical studies were of use for industry then the relevant work would have been undertaken in research and development laboratories. However, except in the case of Germany not much has been said on laboratories in industry. A preliminary glance at Swedish material from around 1900 reveals that if a laboratory did exist at an industrial plant, it was usually badly equipped, and certainly not well suited to scientific research. Production processes rarely seem to have been directly influenced by science. In production, the laboratory, as well as the science, often disappears from the story, but remained part of its rhetoric. This paper is an attempt, using Swedish examples, to look at scientific activities in industry. In particular, it will enter inside the industrial laboratory in order to observe what kind of work was done there. Hopefully this will lead to an increased awareness of the problematic relations between science, technology and industry, and on the role of chemistry in the development of chemical industry. 

Plutonium and other transuranic elements, PVC, Teflon, lasers, and genetically altered organisms are familiar techno-scientific objects to twentieth-century people. But the laboratory sciences were materially productive long before the twentieth century, and this material productivity had consequences for classificatoiy practices. In the laboratory sciences, changes in modes of classification may be conditioned by both alterations of epistemic regimes and the material culture of a science. Chemistry has certainly been the most productive laboratory science in history. From the second half of the eighteenth century onward, the production and individuation of new chem-... 

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Material Production. S.K. also acknowledges the support of die USAF Phillips Laboratory, the National Research Council (Office of Eastern European Affairs), the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Slovenia, and the Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. The support of colleagues at the Los Alamos National Laboratory— Drs. Lamed Asprey, P. Gaxy EUer, Jon Nielsen, and Kent Abney— and at the Jozef Stefan Institute— Prof. Boris Zemva, and Drs. Karel Lutar and Adolf Jesih— also gratefully appreciated. 

My principal objective in Section 10.4 has been to underline the necessity for a drastic enhancement of a crucial experimental technology, the production of ultrahigh vacuum, as a precondition for the emergence of a new branch of science, and this enhancement was surveyed in the preceding Section. It would not be appropriate in this book to present a detailed account of surface science as it has developed, so 1 shall restrict myself to a few comments. The field has been neatly subdivided among chemists, physicists and materials scientists it is an ideal specimen of the kind of study which has flourished under the conditions of the interdisciplinary materials laboratories described in Chapter 1. 

Fjeld RA, DeVol TA, Goff RW, Blevins MD, Brown DD, luce SM, Elzerman AW (2001) Characterization of the mobilities of selected actinides and fission/activation products in laboratory columns containing subsurface material from the Snake River Plain. Nucl Tech 135 92-108 Fleischer RL (1980) Isotopic disequilibrium of uranium alpha-recoil damage and preferential solution effects. Science 207 979-981... 

In-house materials development is most prevalent in the microelectronics industry, even down to polymer substrates for circuit lithography. Here, companies such as AT T and IBM have established some of the most impressive polymer science laboratories in the world to design and develop polymer systems for their own microelectronic products. They recover their development costs from the margins on final products. 

This effort was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grant NNX07AB93A under a project entitled Basic Studies for the Production and Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products to Fuels and the Commonwealth of Kentucky. This research was carried out, in part, at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, which is supported by the U.S. DOE, Divisions of Materials Science and Chemical Sciences. Special thanks to Dr. Nebojsa Marinkovic (Beamline X18b, NSLS, Brookhaven) for help with X AFS studies and Joel Young (University of Oklahoma, Department of Physics) for XAFS cell construction. 

Since the science presented here would never materialize without productive interactions between theory and experiment, it is certainly appropriate to dedicate this book to the practitioners of experimental chemistry who do not hesitate to regard electronic structure calculations as an integral part of their investigations and to the vanguards of molecular quantum mechanics who do not shy away from visiting research laboratories where matter rather than its abstract representations is studied. 

Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Polymeric Materials and Interfaces laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061... 

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