ASPECTS OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

This chapter provides a brief description of materials concepts that may be useful in understanding electronic materials. The review is not exhaustive but is intended to provide a minimum (and rather basic) level of familiarity with important concepts used in other chapters. As elsewhere, the reader is referred to the recommended readings for additional backgrotmd and details. 

---

In Section 4.2.2 the central role of atomic diffusion in many aspects of materials science was underlined. This is equally true for polymers, but the nature of diffusion is quite different in these materials, because polymer chains get mutually entangled and one chain cannot cross another. An important aspect of viscoelastic behavior of polymer melts is memory such a material can be deformed by hundreds of per cent and still recover its original shape almost completely if the stress is removed after a short time (Ferry 1980). This underlies the use of shrink-fit cling-film in supermarkets. On the other hand, because of diffusion, if the original stress is maintained for a long time, the memory of the original shape fades. 

A number of reviews can be consulted for an introduction to the fundamentals both theoretical and practical covering XPS. These include Riggs and Parker (2) and the book by Carlson (3). Electron spectroscopy is reviewed in alternate years in the Fundamental Reviews issue of Analytical Chemistry. The last literature review was published in 1980 (4) and this and previous reviews can be consulted for a coverage of all aspects of the literature of XPS. A number of recent symposia have been held on applications of surface analytical methods in various aspects of materials science such as the symposium on characterization of molecular structures of polymers by photon, electron, and ion probes at the March 1980 American Chemical Society meetings in Houston ( 5) and the International Symposium on Physiochemical Aspects of Polymer Surfaces at this meeting as well as the symposium on industrial applications of surface analysis of which this article is a part. Review articles on various applications of XPS in materials science are listed in Table I. 

Imaging MS is and will become increasingly critical for many aspects of materials science. One example is in the semiconductor industry, where the ability to provide spatial and chemical information on the length scales of current integrated circuit fabrication (50 nm or better) with depth profiling to provide layer-by-layer maps of the fabricated layers is critical for the continued advancement of the computer industry. Maps of any heterogeneous surface are important in other areas of materials science. For example, using various laser desorption techniques, information about the molecules found in specific inclusions in meteorites or defects in reactive surfaces can be obtained. 

The electrochemistry of corrosion is a big piece of electrochemistry. It permeates most of the surface aspects of materials science, at least for practical metal systems in contact with moist air. It influences not only the surface but often the bulk owing to its influence an embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking. So, at the beginning, we argued that a corroding metal is rather like a local fuel cell in which the corroding metal has a very large number of pairs of microsized electrodes on its surface, an equal number of them anodic and cathodic, respectively. 

The combination of (bio)catalysis and membrane technology into an MR is truly multidisciplinary, involving aspects of material sciences, chemistry, biology, and biochemical engineering. 

This journal publishes articles, notes, and communications concerned with all aspects of organometallic chemistry. Specifically, it covers synthesis, structure, bonding, chemical reactivity, reaction mechanisms, and applications of organometallic and organometalloidal compounds. Coverage includes organic and polymer synthesis, catalytic processes, and synthetic aspects of materials science and solid-state chemistry. 

Dynamical processes in solids, including vibrational properties and atomic diffusion are of obvious interest and importance, not only in a crystallographic context but in broader aspects of materials science. Chapter 4 therefore focuses on the application of molecular dynamics simulation techniques in the explicit modelling of the atomic dynamics of solids. 

Thermodynamic principles are important in all aspects of materials science. In this section we introduce some of the fundamentals, but thermodynamics will be used in several other chapters (e.g., point defects. Chapter 11, and surfaces, Chapter 13). The primary role of thermodynamics in ceramics is to indicate whether a system is stable and what conditions (usually changes in temperature or pressure) will cause it to change. Our system may be a crystal structure, a phase, a grain boundary, an aggregate of powder particles, or a concentration of defects. Table 3.7 lists some of the important thermodynamic parameters we meet in ceramics together with their units. 

We reviewed some of the fundamentals that underlie all aspects of materials science. Knowing the electron configuration of an atom allows us to understand some of the properties of materials that contain that atom. It also helps us to determine the type of bonding that occurs between... 

Dina Katzir is Deputy CEO and Head of R D at Acktar Ltd, Israel. She holds M.Sc. Degree in Applied Physics and has close to 20 years experience in various aspects of material science and optics. She has authored of above 50 patents and numerous papers. She has published on a wide range of subjects IR optics, thin film coatings, membranes, medical devices, electronics and solar energy. 

As corrosion protection by active coatings such as Zn-rich [3], Mg-rich [11], or CP-coatings relies on electrical communication with the underlying metal, the nature of any intervening oxide layer will likely play an important role. As discussed in Section 15.6.3, the electrodeposition of CP films on oxideforming metals is also greatly influenced by the electrical properties of the oxide layer. A detailed understanding of oxide films requires aspects of materials science, solid-state physics, and electrochemistry, and such a discussion is beyond the scope of this chapter. For a detailed discussion of oxide films and their properties, the reader is referred to Ref. [16]. In this section, we provide a brief overview of the... 

Relationship to Aspects of Materials Sciences, Biophysics, and Solar Collector Technology... 

Testing is important in all aspects of materials science and engineering, but it is especially so in adhesives. Such tests evaluate not only the inherent strength of the adhesive, but also the bonding technique, surface cleanliness, effectiveness of surface treatments, etchings of surfaces, application and coverage of the adhesive, and the curing cycle. 

Archibald B, Brummer O, Devenney M, Gorer S, Jandeleit B, Uno T, Weinberg WH, Weskamp T. (2002) Combinatorial aspects of material science. Chapter 32. In Nicolaou KC, Hanko R, Hartwig J, editors. Handbook of combinatorial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, p 885-990. 

One aspect of materials science is the investigation of relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. By structure, we mean how some internal component(s) of the material is (are) arranged. In terms of (and with increasing) dimensionality, structural elements include subatomic, atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic. 

Oxides comprise a very diverse class of compounds with properties covering almost all aspects of material science and physics. Oxides can be both superconductors and insulators. The bonding characteristics may be classified as covalent for one system and highly ionic for the other. Oxides find applications in many fields of technical interest, from paint pigments via nonlinear optics to sensors and catalysis. In some cases, the bulk properties are important, as, for example, very often in nonlinear optics in other cases, the surface properties play a major role, as in catalysis. 

---