Material science, application

Prato M 1997 [60]fullerene chemistry for materials science applications J. Mater. Chem. 7 1097-109... 

Jensen A W, Wilson S R and Schuster D I 1996 Biological applications of fuiierenes—a review Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 767-79 Martii n N, Sanchez L, lllescas B and Perez I 1998 Cgg-based electroactive organofullerenes Chem. Rev. 98 2527 Prato M 1997 [60]fullerene chemistry for materials science applications J. Mater. Chem. 7 1097-109... 

Nazarov, A. A. Dyson, P. J. Metal phosphorus complexes as antitumor agents. In Phosphorus Chemistry Catalysis and Material Science Applications, Vol. 37 (eds. Gonsalvi, L. Peruzzini, M.) 445-461 (Springer 2011). 

Apart from the traditional organic and combinatorial/high-throughput synthesis protocols covered in this book, more recent applications of microwave chemistry include biochemical processes such as high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2], rapid enzyme-mediated protein mapping [3], and general enzyme-mediated organic transformations (biocatalysis) [4], Furthermore, microwaves have been used in conjunction with electrochemical [5] and photochemical processes [6], and are also heavily employed in polymer chemistry [7] and material science applications [8], such as in the fabrication and modification of carbon nanotubes or nanowires [9]. 

Local thickness variations in a thin specimen complicate the quantitative analysis of a single element in the absence of precise knowledge of specimen thickness and without the ability to compare the measured x-ray intensities with those of thin standards. To avoid this difficulty, the x-ray intensity for the element of interest can be divided either by the intensity of a region of background between peaks as in the Hall method[8], or by the intensity from another element as in the Cliff-Lorimer method[9]. The former is largely used for biological analysis while the latter has become the standard thin specimen microanalysis method for materials science applications. The Cliff-Lorimer method is expressed in the following equation ... 

Another common theme that authors use to establish importance involves environmental impacts. For example, an environmental slant is used in the first sentence of the cyclodextrin article (P3, exercise 6.7), where the study of cyclo-dextrins is justified based on their role in soil remediation. The importance of work that benefits air or water quality and/or promotes green chemistry can also be stressed. Work is also viewed as important if it has cross-disciplinary applications. For example, in the Introduction section of the tetrazole article, the authors stress the importance of tetrazoles in coordination chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and in various materials science applications and point out their role as useful intermediates in the preparation of substituted tetrazoles ... 

Nieiengarten J-F. Chemical modification of C60 for materials science applications. New J Chem 2004 28 1177-1191. 

There already exist a few books written on field ion microscopy. Most of these either were published before 1970 when most works were concerned with techniques and methods, or are later ones which emphasize applications to materials science. While some of the basic principles of field ion microscopy remain unchanged from those twenty years ago, when Muller and I wrote a book on the subject, there have been many important new theoretical and technical developments and applications, and also many more detailed studies of a variety of problems in surface science and materials science. In the book just referred to, the subject of atom-probe field ion microscopy was only barely touched. This is of course where most of the new developments are made, and is also the instrument now most actively employed by investigators in the field. In the present volume I try to emphasize basic principles of atom-probe field ion microscopy, field ion emission and applications to surface science. As books emphasizing applications to materials science already exist, only selected topics in this area are presented here. They are used to illustrate the various capabilities of atom-probe field ion microscopy in materials science applications. 

XPS is particularly suited to analyze solid materials in various materials science applications of polymeric materials. Several examples of the use of XPS to analyze the surface of solids in irregular forms such as fibers, powders, films, beads, and various extruded shapes such as o-rings will be presented. XPS can provide a rapid survey analysis as well as quantitative analysis within several percent depending on the sensitivity for the element in question. Unique structural information can often be obtained on solids that, due to their intractability and lack of solubility would present problems for investigation by other spectroscopic methods. 

Bis(heterocyclyl)methanes constitute highly valuable building blocks of natural and unnatural porphyrinoids (00MI1), which are of immense importance in biological, industrial, and material science applications... 

There is a need to develop methods for optical, X-ray, Raman, and other probe regimes that can image at depths of a few nanometers to macroscopic distances beneath a surface, especially for materials science applications. 

Materials science applications have driven a vigorous search for new organometallic compounds, both molecular3 and polymeric,4 as precursors for new materials. In the case of polymers, this interest is driven by two different end applications. The first is the intrinsic properties of the materials, such as their electronic, photonic, or thermal/mechanical properties. The second is their use as precursors to purely inorganic materials. Organometallic polymers are particularly attractive precursors because of the inherent ease and versatility that they exhibit with regard to processing. 

Adriaens, A., Van Vaeck, L. and Adams, F. (1999) Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (S-SIMIS) Part 2. Material sciences applications. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 18 (1), 48-81. 

The synthesis and chemistry of pyrroles, indoles, and fused pyrrole and indole compounds reported during the past year (2007) are the subjects of this monograph. Pyrroles and indoles continue to draw a lot of attention from the scientific community due to their prevalence in natural products, diverse biological activity, and materials science applications. Pyrroles and indoles are treated separately. A review article describing the synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles has appeared <07S3095>. Specialized review articles will be mentioned in the relevant sections. 

This and many other fields, using both solid-state and solution-phase synthetic procedures, are expected to benefit significantly from the use of combinatorial technologies. Unprecedented applications will surely appear due to the increasing popularity of materials science applications in the combinatorial chemistry scientific arena. 

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