Materials science stiffness

The approach in crystal engineering is to learn from known crystalline structures of, for example, minerals in order to design compounds with desired properties. Crystal engineering is considered to be a key new technology with applications in pharmaceuticals, catalysis, and materials science. The structures of adamantane and other diamondoids have received considerable attention in crystal engineering due to their molecular stiffness, derivatization capabilities, and their six or more linking groups [114-117]. 

Creation of high strength states (increase of yield stress and fracture stress), based on new achievements of materials science and on application of the innovative technologies of material producing and processing increase of material stiffness (increase of its elastic moduli). 

As rodlike molecules, polyprismanes enjoy the same kind of putative utility as carbon nanotubes [2], and are somewhat akin to staffanes and related rodlike molecules [3] and to ladderanes [4]. Stiff, rodlike molecules like these may find applications in materials science because of their mechanical and electrical... 

At the start of this chapter it was stated that polyprismanes owe their interest to the electronic disposition of the half-planar carborrs, and to the possible utihty in materials science of properties arising from a stiff, rodlike structrrre. 

The addition of nanoparticles to synthetic mbber resulting in enhancement in thermal, stiffness and resistance to fracture is one of the most important phenomena in material science technology. Thermal and mechanical properties of clays mul-tiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) prepared through melt blending showed synergistic effect in properties [86]. Malas et al. reported (SBR/BR)/expanded graphite (EG) and black carbon (CB) nanocomposites by melt blending, this study demonstrated that the presence of EG improvement thermo-mechanical properties and the presence of CB are a factor important to... 

It has been shown in various studies that biological materials can reach impressive architectures and mechanical properties by smart hierarchical assembly and interface design/ Yet, examples of successful transfer of the principles underlying such natural architectures into bio-inspired materials are still rather scarce. Designing materials that combine stiffness, toughness, and strength, as well as reach reasonable dimensions as one can find in nature, is still one of the major challenges in materials science and... 

Thus, the interior of vehicles is a key application for the use of plastics. These interior applications include IPs, body panels and door panels, dashmats, seat backs, seat bases, steering wheels, and airbag covers. The materials in use today can be individual polymers or blends that offer a variety of properties, including high impact resistance, high stiffness, injection moldability, and heat resistance. As materials science moves forward, plastics are expected to play an important role in the interior of vehicles. 

In the past two decades, major technological developments have occurred in the production of polymer fibers with high mechanical strength and stiffness. Materials science studies have been directed toward a better understanding of the relationship among chemical composition, physical structure, and mechanical properties. 

From an end use perspective, the objective is simply to convert a stiff but brittle plastic (typified by polystyrene) having useful all-round properties into a tougher material with little increase in cost. From a material science perspective, the modification needs to provide a new energy-absorbing mechanism without giving up other inherent and desirable properties. ... 

In this review article, an account will be presented of the diffia t methods by which high modulus materials have been produced from flexible polymers. Much of the discussion will be concerned with polyethylene, although comparable results have been obtained fot polypropylene and polyoxymethylene, and these will also be considered. The initial stimulus to this research came from the quest for high stiffness, but other properties have also been enhanced, including strength, thermal and chemical stability, and barrier properties. The present article updates and extends previous reviews of progress in this exciting new area of polymer science. 

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