Development of specialized

This big increase in speed has not been without cost. The everyday machine codes and high-level languages (Fortran, Pascal, C, etc.) used to control operations in a standard computer are inappropriate for parallel processing, which needs its own instruction set and has led to the development of special languages for use with the transputer. 

For substrates of WORM and EOD(PCR) disks the industry in the future wants polymers that have a markedly improved resistance to heat softening compared to BPA-PC and, if possible, a lower water absorption and lower birefringence, but otherwise maintain the good characteristics in toughness, production, and cost (194). This goal is being approached in different ways further modification of BPA-PC, newly developed polymers, improvement of the processing characteristics of uv-curable cross-linked polymers, and development of special copolymers and polymer blends, eg,... 

In the latter twentieth century, spent automotive catalysts have emerged as a significant potential source of secondary Pt, Pd, and Rh. In North America, it has been estimated that 15.5 metric tons per year of PGM from automotive catalysts are available for recycling (22). However, the low PGM loading on such catalysts and the nature of the ceramic monoliths used have required the development of specialized recovery techniques as well as the estabhshment of an infrastmcture of collection centers. These factors have slowed the development of an automotive catalyst recycling iadustry. 

Attempts to overcome the short pot life have focused on development of special equipment in which the components can be mixed in the proper proportion. Another approach has been to develop curing agents that give long pot life compared to conventional systems. 

Today, cement and concrete replace stone in most large structures. But cement, too, is a ceramic a complicated but fascinating one. The understanding of its structure, and how it forms, is better now than it used to be, and has led to the development of special high-strength cement pastes which can compete with polymers and metals in certain applications. 

As time goes on, the ultimate resolution of the SEM operated in these modes will probably level out near 1 nm. The major growth of SEMs now seems to be in the development of specialized instruments. An environmental SEM has been developed that uses differential pumping to permit the observation of specimens at higher pressures. Photographs of the formation of ice crystals have been taken and the instrument has particular application to samples that are not vacuum compatible, such as biological samples. 

The motivation for ensuring good indoor air quality should be obvious. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and safety of workers. To fulfill this need, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a strategy for disseminating information that assists employers to protect their workers from workplace hazards. This strategy includes the development of Special NIOSH Hazard Reviews, which support and complement the major standards development and hazard documentation activities of the Institute. These documents deal with... 

The growth of nuclear engineering with its specialised demands for materials having a low neutron absorption coupled with adequate strength and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures, has necessitated the production of zirconium in relatively large commercial quantities. This specific demand has resulted in development of specially purified zirconium, and certain zirconium alloys, for use in particular types of nuclear reactor. 

A discussion of this polymerization method would not be complete without mention of the development of specialized glassware utilized over the years. It has evolved from very elaborate, sophisticated, and specially designed glassware to fairly simple setups. Initially, elaborate break-seal technology was used to complete the entire polymerization process,143 similar to anionic polymerization methodology.17 Break-seal techniques were employed to fully understand many monomer structure-reactivity relationships these techniques are no longer needed. 

The commercial production of stabilized liquid sulfur trioxide and the assessment of its advantages led to increased use [47-49]. Later development of specialized sulfur burners with catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in air by vanadium pentoxide has established this method as an alternative to liquid sulfur trioxide. 

Matejec V., Chomat M., Hayer M., Kasik I., Berkova D., Abdelmalek F., Jaffrezic-Renault N., Development of special optical fibers for evanescent-wave sensing, Czechoslovak J.ofPhys. 1999 49 883-888. 

The noteworthy point is a shortening of C-C bond distance as compared to the aliphatic C-C bond distance which is 1.54 A. This shortening manifests itself in the development of special character of the bonds. Since the sp orbitals of carbon now cannot overlap as effectively as they do in alkanes where perfect end-on overlap occurs the bonds in cyclopropane becomes bent and weak and also lead to an angle strain and so the molecule has greater potential energy. So this bent or banana bond accounts for the most of the ring strain. 

The specific mechanisms of PCDD/F formation in incineration processes are very complex.Knowledge of the formation mechanisms of micropollutants allows the development of special minimization techniques and improvement of the whole process, therefore the study of formation mechanisms of toxic side products formed in chemical production is also a contribution to green chemistry. 

Reactive intermediates are species of fleeting existence which appear during the course of chemical reactions. Because they determine the outcome of a reaction, understanding their properties is inextricably linked to our knowledge of chemical transformations. Their ephemeral existence has been a major obstacle to their study and the driving force for the development of specialized techniques. 

An important innovative technique to replace water as the solvent in dyeing processes is the use of supercritical fluids, for example, supercritical CO2 for dyeing processes. Successful trials have been conducted in various scales with different fibers and full-scale production has been performed in the case of PES dyeing [62,63]. Besides the handling of high pressure equipment, the development of special dyestuff formulations is required. 

Another factor improving the sensitivity of microbubble detection is the development of specialized microbubble imaging modes by the ultrasound... 

The development of special methods of preparation for obtaining intimate mixtures of catalyst and added substances. 

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