Materials science and engineering

Sometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials engineering subdisciplines. Strictly speaking, materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and 

The notion of property deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces experiences deformation, or a polished metal surface reflects light. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. 

FigMre 1.1 The four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their interrelationship. 

These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light l.° spaces  

the structures of these three speci n ° boundaries and pores, which affect the optical tra different in terms of crystal each material was produced using a different proc Properties. Furthermore, tance is an important parameter relative to the optical transmit- 

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Gale J D, C R A Catlow and W C Mackrodt 1992. Periodic Ab Initio Determination of Interatomic Potentials for Alumina. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 1 73-81. 

K. K. Chawla, Composite Materials Science and Engineering, Spriager-Vedag, New York, 1987. 

R. Komanduri, "Cutting Tool Materials" in M. B. Bever, ed., Engclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1983 General Electric HS report no. 82CWD176, Schenectady, N.Y., June 1982. 

B. R. Lawn and R. J. Blau, eds.. Microindentation Techniques in Materials Science and Engineering, International Metakographic Society, ASTM STP 889, 1986. 

K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, andj. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering ]oEu Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1976. 

The author would like to thank J.-M. Vidal, presently a graduate student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Bath, U.K., and H. L. South, Subject Librarian, University of Bath, for their help in compiling references for this chapter. 

Current address Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Rung University, Tainan, Taiwan. 

Timothy J. Mays, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom... 

At almost the same time as the 1958 faculty meeting, the US President s Science Advisory Committee referred to universities attempts to establish a new materials science and engineering and claimed that they needed government help (Psaras and Langford 1987, p. 23). 

Bever, M.B. (1988) Metallurgy and Materials Science and Engineering at MIT I865-I9HH (privately published by the MSE Department). 

COSMAT (1974) Materials and Man s Needs Materials Scienee and Engineering. Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC) pp. 1, 39. 

Harwood, J.J. (1970) Emergence of the field and early hopes, in Materials Science and Engineering in the United States, ed. Roy, R. (Pennsylvania State University Press) p. 1. 

This entire book is about the emergence, nature and cultivation of a new discipline, materials science and engineering. To draw together the strings of this story, it helps to be clear about what a scientific discipline actually is that, in turn, becomes clearer if one looks at the emergence of some earlier disciplines which have had more time to reach a condition of maturity. Comparisons can help in definition we can narrow a vague concept by examining what apparently diverse examples have in common. 

DeHoff, R.T. (1986) Stereology in Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering vol. 6, ed. Bever, M.B. (Pergamon Press, Oxford) p. 4633. 

A good way of demonstrating the importance of parepistemes, or in other terms, the virtues of subsidiarity, is to pick and analyse just a few examples, out of the many hundreds which could be chosen in the broad field of materials science and engineering. 

Earlier, a special issue of Materials Science and Engineering (Jones and Kurz 1984) to mark the 30th anniversary of the identification of constitutional supercooling includes 21 concise survey papers which constitute an excellent source for assessing the state of knowledge on solidification at that stage. Another source is a textbook (Kurz and Fisher 1984) published the same year. 

According to Gatos, the needs of solid-state electronics, not least in connection with various compound semiconductors, were a prime catalyst for the evolution of the techniques needed for a detailed study of surface structure, an evolution which gathered pace in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This analysis is confirmed by the fact that Gatos, who had become a semiconductor specialist in the materials science and engineering department at was invited in 1962 to edit a new journal to be... 

Virtually every reference at the end of this chapter is to post-war publications, and the majority are to papers published during the past 15 years. This shows, clearly enough, that extreme materials are recent features of materials science and engineering (MSE), and there is every indication that the focus on materials of the kind discussed in this chapter will continue to develop. Individual approaches come and go - thus, rapid solidification processing, the oldest of the approaches discussed here, seems to have passed its apogee - while others go from strength to strength ... 

Pontikis, V. (1993) Crystal surfaces melting and roughening, in Supplementary Volume 3 of the Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, ed. Cahn, R.W. (Pergamon press, Oxford), p. 1587. 

In this Section, 1 shall briefly exemplify some topics that illustrate how the needs of materials science and engineering have shaped chemists approaches to synthesis and processing. 

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