Maleic acid-vinyl acetate copolymer

Industrial suspension polymerizations of vinyl chloride are often carried out in large batch reactors or stirred jacketed autoclaves. Continuous reactors, however, have been introduced in several manufacturing facilities [315]. Typical recipes call for 100 parts of vinyl chloride for 180 parts of water, a suspending agent, like maleic acid-vinyl acetate copolymer, a chain transferring agent, and a monomer soluble initiator. The reaction may be carried out at 100 Ib/in. pressure and 50°C for approximately 15 h. As the monomer is consumed the pressure drops. The reaction is stopped at an... 

In order to improve the physical properties of HDPE and LDPE, copolymers of ethylene and small amounts of other monomers such as higher olefins, ethyl acrylate, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, or acryUc acid are added to the polyethylene. Eor example, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), although linear, has a significant number of branches introduced by using comonomers such as 1-butene or 1-octene. The linearity provides strength, whereas branching provides toughness. 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) is utilized as a component of starch-based adhesives.11121114 Other patents report the use of partially oxidized starch,1115 dextrins,1116 dextrins and urea,1117 borax,1118 boric acid,1119 and vinyl methyl ether-maleic acid copolymers.1120 Other patents indicate the use of poly (vinyl alcohol) with partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate),1121 nonhy-drolyzed poly(vinyl acetate),1122 and poly(vinyl chloride).1123 A few patents have reported such poly acrylic additives as poly (acrylic acid)1124 and its salts,1125 poly(acrylamide),1126 1127 A-methylacrylamide or poly(A-acryl-amide),1128 and polyethyleneimine.1129 Polystyrene has also been used,1130 as well as more complex copolymers such as a maleic acid monobutyl ester-methyl vinyl ether copolymer, together with dextrin and polyacrylamide),1131 carboxylated ethyl acrylate-styrene zinc salt copolymer,1132 ethylene-methyl acrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer,1133 vinyl acetate-vinyl pyr-rolidone copolymer,1134 and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.1135 Some adhesives are compounded with SBR latex1136 1138 and phenol-formaldehyde resins.1139... 

Powder coatings are also formed from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (see Section 3.4). Copolymers of ethylene with maleic acid (anhydride) of low molecular mass are water-soluble, form salts, and undergo cross-linking reactions. 

Sodium poly(acrylate) copolymer with maleic acid Polyvinyl pyrrolidone copolymer with vinyl acetate Butylated poly(vinylpyrrolidone)... 

Several other examples of copolymeric thickeners can be found in the literature. For instance, copolymers of 20-80% methyl methacrylate and 80-20% acrylonitrile have been disclosed as thickeners for a dental cyanoacrylate adhesive. Recently, adhesives containing a plasticizer and a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer were patented as additives for cyanoacrylate adhesives. The copolymers contained 10-20% vinyl acetate and less than 2% maleic acid. These polymers were not claimed as thickeners... 

Graft copolymers between unsatnrated acids, especially acrylic acid and maleic anhydride (MA), and polyolefins (PE and PP) are widely used as surface modifiers and compatibilisers, sometimes in combination with bi-functional coupling agents [46], for talc, calcium carbonate and calcined clays. Such polymer coatings include polypropylene-maleic anhydride [47], polypropylene c/s-4-cyclohexene-l,2 dicarboxylic acid [48], polystearyl or polylauryl acrylate [49], polypropylene-acrylic acid, partially oxidised poly(butane diol) [50] and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [51]. Acid-containing products can react with basic fillers. With most other types, they will simply adsorb on to the mineral surface, but they can form esters with some non-basic metal hydroxyls, notably silanols. 

Until 2003, Chen s [28], Qu s [29-31], and Hu s [32] groups independently reported nanocomposites with polymeric matrices for the first time the. In Hsueh and Chen s work, exfoUated polyimide/LDH was prepared by in situ polymerization of a mixture of aminobenzoate-modified Mg-Al LDH and polyamic acid (polyimide precursor) in N,N-dimethylactamide [28]. In other work, Chen and Qu successfully synthesized exfoliated polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA)/LDH nanocomposites by refluxing in a nonpolar xylene solution of PE-g-MA [29,30]. Then, Li et al. prepared polyfmethyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/MgAl LDH by exfoliation/adsorption with acetone as cosolvent [32]. Since then, polymer/LDH nanocomposites have attracted extensive interest. The wide variety of polymers used for nanocomposite preparation include polyethylene (PE) [29, 30, 33 9], polystyrene (PS) [48, 50-58], poly(propylene carbonate) [59], poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [60-62], poly(vinyl chloride) [63], syndiotactic polystyrene [64], polyurethane [65], poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate)] [66], polypropylene (PP) [48, 67-70], nylon 6 [9,71,72], ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) [73-77], poly(L-lactide) [78], poly(ethylene terephthalate) [79, 80], poly(caprolactone) [81], poly(p-dioxanone) [82], poly(vinyl alcohol) [83], PMMA [32,47, 48, 57, 84-93], poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [94], poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) [95], polyimide [28], and epoxy [96-98]. These nanocomposites often exhibit enhanced mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties and flame retardancy. Among them, the thermal properties and flame retardancy are the most interesting and will be discussed in the following sections. 

The incorporation of small amounts of MA or maleic acid into vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers substantially improves their stability and adhesion.The introduction of the anhydride group also significantly increases the viscosity of the copolymers. Terpolymers of this type, having a... 

It has been reported that the viscosities of aqueous solutions of a number of polyelectrolytes, such as sodium salts of poly(acrylic acid), carboxymethyl cellulose and copolymer of maleic and vinyl acetate, decrease rapidly when they are UV irradiated, due to chain scission reactions [1049]. 

Plasticized PVC and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers can be wiped with solutions of adipic, maleic, citric, and other acids, giving improved adhesion when bonding with hot-melt polyester adhesives. ... 

Some specific recent applications of the GC-MS technique to various types of polymers include the following PE [49,50], poly(l-octene) [51], poly(l-decene) [51], poly(l-dodecene) [51], 1-octene-l-decene-l-dodecene terpolymer [51], chlorinated polyethylene [52], polyolefins [53, 54], acrylic acid methacrylic acid copolymers [55], polyacrylates [56], styrene-butadiene and other rubbers [57-59], nitrile rubber [60], natural rubbers [61, 62], chlorinated natural rubber [63, 64], polychloroprene [65], PVC [66-68], silicones [69, 70], polycarbonates [71], styrene-isoprene copolymers [72], substituted PS [73], polypropylene carbonate [74], ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [75], Nylon [76], polyisopropenyl cyclohexane a-methyl styrene copolymers [77], m-cresol-novolac epoxy resins [78], polymeric flame retardants [79], poly(4-N-alkyl styrenes) [80], polyvinyl pyrrolidone [81], vinyl pyrrolidone-methyl acryloxysilicone copolymers [82], polybutylcyanoacrylate [83], polysulfide copolymers [84], poly(diethyl-2-methacryloxy)ethyl phosphate [85], ethane-carbon monoxide copolymers [86], polyetherimide [87], bisphenol A [88], ethyl styrene [89], styrene-isoprene block copolymer [89], polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate [90], epoxide thiol [91], maleic acid-propylene copolymer [92], P-hydroxy butyrate-P-hydroxy valerate copolymer [93], polycaprolactams [39,94], PS [95,96], polypyrrole [95,96], polyhydroxy alkanoates [97], poly(p-chloromethyl) styrene [81], polybenzooxazines and siloxy substituted polyoxadisila-pentanylenes [98,99] poly benzyl methacrylates [100], polyolefin blends after ageing in soil [101] and polystyrene peroxide [43]. 

Interactions between a steel surface and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride were investigated by FTIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The failed surfaces obtained after a mechanical separation of the polymer/steel assemblies were analysed. A two-step mechanism was proposed the opening of the anhydride cycle by a hydrolysis reaction, leading to the formation of a carboxylic diacid, followed by the reaction of the acid with some oxidised metallic elements present at the metal surface. This study underlines the contribution of FTIR reflectance techniques to the understanding of adhesion mechanisms. 7 refs. 

Solution Polymerization. In solution polymerization, a solvent for the monomer is often used to obtain very uniform copolymers. Polymerization rates ate normally slower than those for suspension or emulsion PVC. Eor example, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and sometimes maleic acid are polymerized in a solvent where the resulting polymer is insoluble in the solvent. This makes a uniform copolymer, free of suspending agents, that is used in solution coatings (99). 

Extension of the chlorosulfonation technology to base resins other than polyethylene, where value can be added, seems a logical next step. Polypropylene and ethylene copolymers containing additional functionaUty, ie, maleic anhydride graft, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, etc, have been chlorinated and chlorosulfonated to broaden the appHcation base, particularly in coatings and adhesives (9,10). 

Over the past years considerable attention has been paid to the dispersing system since this controls the porosity of the particle. This is important both to ensure quick removal of vinyl chloride monomer after polymerisation and also to achieve easy processing and dry blendable polymers. Amongst materials quoted as protective colloids are vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymers, fatty acid esters of glycerol, ethylene glycol and pentaerythritol, and, more recently, mixed cellulose ethers and partially hydrolysed polyfvinyl acetate). Much recent emphasis has been on mixed systems. 

An interesting application of this reaction was the use of macro-molecular anhydrides, namely, styrene-maleic anhydride or vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymers in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst, these copolymers acylate mesityl oxide or d rpnone to macromolecular pyrylium salts which, with aryl substituents, are fluorescent.No crystalline products could be obtained from succinic anhydride because of the solubility and ease of decarboxylation. 

Several polymer and random copolymers of fluoroalkyl acrylates have been studied,76 including (1) Poly-1,1-dihydroperfluoroheptylacrylate (PFHA), (2) copolymer of 1,1-dihydroperfluoroheptylacrylate (PFHA) with acrylic acid (PFHA-AA, 1 1), and (3) copolymer of the monoester of 1,1-dihydroperfluor-oheptyl alcohol and maleic acid (PFHM) with vinyl acetate (PFHM-VA, 1 1). The average degree of polymerization was found to be about ten for all the polymers tested. The tendency of polymers to form well-ordered two-dimensional structures on the water surface was demonstrated. Polymers were deposited as... 

Emulsion paints are based on aqueous synthetic resin dispersions, which afford a lacquer-like paint film. The resin dispersions which are commonly used by the paint industry contain water as the carrier phase. A large number of such dispersions are available, based on different resins such as poly(vinyl acetate), which may be employed as a copolymer with vinyl chloride, maleic dibutyl ester, ethylene, acrylic acid esters, polyacrylic resin, and copolymers of the latter with various monomers, as well as styrene-butadiene or poly(vinyl propionate). These disper-... 

PS PSF PSU PTFE PU PUR PVA PVAL PVB PVC PVCA PVDA PVDC PVDF PVF PVOH SAN SB SBC SBR SMA SMC TA TDI TEFE TPA UF ULDPE UP UR VLDPE ZNC Polystyrene Polysulfone (also PSU) Polysulfone (also PSF) Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyurethane Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl butyrate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl chloride-acetate) Poly(vinylidene acetate) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene-butadiene copolymer Styrene block copolymer Styrene butadiene rubber Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMC) Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMA) Terephthalic acid (also TPA) Toluene diisocyanate Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Terephthalic acid (also TA) Urea formaldehyde Ultralow-density polyethylene Unsaturated polyester resin Urethane Very low-density polyethylene Ziegler-Natta catalyst... 

Copolymerization. Vinyl chloride can be copolymerized with a variety of monomers. Vinyl acetate [9003-22-9], the most important commercial comonomer, is used to reduce crystallinity, which aids fusion and allows lower processing temperatures. Copolymers are used in flooring and coatings. This copolymer sometimes contains maleic acid or vinyl alcohol (hydrolyzed from the poly(vinyl acetate)) to improve the coating s adhesion to other materials, including metals. Copolymers with vinylidene chloride are used as barrier films and coatings. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with maleates or fumerates are used to raise heat deflection temperature. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with acrylic esters in latex form are used as film formers in paint, nonwoven fabric binders, adhesives, and coatings. Copolymers with olefins improve thermal stability and melt flow, but at some loss of heat-deflection temperature (100). Copolymerization parameters are listed in Table 5. 

Figure 8. Concentration of different radicals measured from ESR spectra during copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) with maleic acid (MA) ana of VAc with fumaric acid (FA) at different molar concentrations of MA in the VAc-MA system and FA in the VAc-FA system, respectively. (VAc-) and (MA-) refer to monomer radicals and (VAc-MA-) and (VAc-MA-) to the copolymer radicals observed. [VAc] = 5.5 X 10 2M ...

Several polymers were found to fit all or most of the above criteria and were used to prepare the carrier films. Many polymers have been used for this purpose, viz., ethyl cellulose, poly(y-benzyl glutamate), poly(vinyl acetate), cellulose acetate phthalate, and the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether with maleic anhydride. In addition to the base polymers, plasticizers were often needed to impart a suitable degree of flexibility. Plasticizers, which are found to be compatible with polymeric materials include, acetylated monoglycerides, esters of phthalic acid such as dibutyl tartarate, etc. An excipient was usually incorporated into the matrix of the carrier films. The excipients used were water-soluble materials, which are capable of creating channels in the polymer matrix and facilitate diffusion of the drug. PEGs of different molecular weights were used for this purpose. 

Vinyls, finyl esters are usually used in waterborne coatings in the form of copolymer dispersions. Typical vinyl esters are vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl laurate, and vinyl versatate. Acrylic, maleic, and fumaric acid esters are used as copolymers, finyl acetate is lower in cost compared to (meth) acrylic esters. Although vinyl acetate coatings are inferior to acrylics in both photochemical stability and resistance to hydrolysis, this does not prevent them from being used for exterior... 

Nonionic, anionic, and cationic VP copolymers are all available commercially to enhance the hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic properties of PVP for specihc applications. Important comonomers include vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA), vinyl alcohol, dimethy-laminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA), styrene, maleic anhydride, acrylamide, methyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate (LM), a-olelins, methacrylamido-propyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC), vinyl caprolactam (VCL), and dimethylaminopropyl-methacrylamide (DMAPMA). 

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