Water-soluble material

PyCis usuaHy expressed in percentage, but the % sign is often omitted. Although many additives in the paint formulation are nonvolatile, they are often omitted from this calculation, because they represent a smaH fraction of the volume of a newly formed paint film and, in exterior paints, are often water-soluble materials leached out by rainfaH, and therefore wHl probably not factor into the long-term performance of the paint film. 

Sohd salt, ground and packaged in several particle size grades, can be used in saturated salt brines to increase the fluid density (28). However, sized salt is most often used as a water-soluble material for bridging or sealing porous formations. At one time the sized salt systems were used primarily for completion or workover operations, but use has increased as ddU-in fluids for horizontal wells (29). 

To produce a moulding composition, aniline is first treated with hydrochloric acid to produce water-soluble aniline hydrochloride. The aniline hydrochloride solution is then run into a large wooden vat and formaldehyde solution is run in at a slow but uniform rate, the whole mix being subject to continuous agitation. Reaction occurs immediately to give a deep orange-red product. The resin is still a water-soluble material and so it is fed into a 10% caustic soda solution to react with the hydrochloride, thus releasing the resin as a creamy yellow slurry. The slurry is washed with a counter-current of fresh water, dried and ball-milled. 

Soil Diffusion. Water-soluble material In the soil Includes material dissolved In the soil water, material dissolved In the soil air, and material adsorbed to the soil solids. The soil water-soil air equilibrium partitioning Is described by Henry s law ... 

Solid materials require special techniques prior to or during addition to diets. Materials that are soluble in water may be dissolved and added as described above for liquids. Non-water-soluble materials may require several preparatory steps. The test chemical may be dissolved in com oil, acetone, or other appropriate vehicle prior... 

We initially prepared the first chitosan-sialoside hybrid 19 by treating 80% de-AT-acetylated chitosan with p-formylphenyl a-sialoside 6 (Scheme 1) under reductive amination conditions (NaBH3CN) (Scheme 7) [64]. The level of sialo-side incorporation could be controlled by increasing the amount of 6 (Table 15.2). The reactivity of aldehyde 6 toward chitosan was found to be in the range 25-48% due to excessive reduction of the aldehyde under the acidic reaction conditions. Water-soluble materials were only achieved at high DS (DS > 0.53). Sialo-hybrids with lower substitutions were further derivatized with succinic... 

A new class of water-soluble materials [10,11], was developed as a result of such design parameters that will be referred to as double substituted cationic cellulose ethers (DCEs). These materials contain both a cationic substituent and a hydrophobic substituent, attached to a cellulose ether backbone. The use of a double-substituted hydrophobe modified cationic polysaccharide is fundamentally different from current commercial vaginal formulations, which rely exclusively on nonionic or anionic vehicles. 

Under the washing conditions of this laboratory experiment -- 5 min with a wetting agent and agitation — temperatures above 60°C appear to offer little benefit in removing extraneous materials and, moreover, may cause fiber damage. Similar results on the effects of temperature on removing solvent and water soluble materials from cotton have been reported by Ross, et al. (6). 

Also, less time is required to prepare for foam application, resulting in faster extinguishment, especially for numbers of closely spaced tanks up to about 50 ft (15 m) in diameter. Foam monitors are effective in fighting large spill fires, such as those in tank impounding basins. However, industry experience indicates that foam monitors and foam hose streams are ineffective in fighting tank fires in water-soluble materials. It has been determined that foam is only effective on these materials if applied very gently by fixed application devices or hand hose. 

Fig. 3. A dry powder microbubble precursor agent particles of water-soluble material (e.g., galactose) are coated with a surfactant (e.g., palmitic acid). Air or other gas is located in the spaces between particles. When water is added and galactose rapidly dissolved, gas-filled spaces between particles become individual microbubbles dispersed in the aqueous phase...

As we have seen in Chapter 9, there are a variety of dissolved solutes in atmospheric particles, which will lower the vapor pressure of droplets compared to that of pure water. As a result, there is great interest in the nature and fraction of water-soluble material in atmospheric particles and their size distribution (e.g., Eichel el al., 1996 Novakov and Corrigan, 1996 Hoffmann et al., 1997). This vapor pressure lowering effect, then, works in the opposite direction to the Kelvin effect, which increases the vapor pressure over the droplet. The two effects are combined in what are known as the Kohler curves, which describe whether an aerosol particle in the atmosphere will grow into a cloud droplet or not under various conditions. 

Finally, collagen can form a variety of collagen composites with other water-soluble materials. Ions, peptides, proteins, and polysaccharides can all be uniformly incorporated into a collagen matrix. The methods of composite formation include ionic and covalent bonding, entrapment, entanglement, and co-precipitation. A two-phase composite can be formed between collagen, ceramics, and synthetic polymers for specific biomedical applications. 

Reversed micelles can be used to concentrate water-soluble materials in the water pool of SCCO2. The extraction of water-soluble vitamins into reversed micelles has been examined. The efficiency of extraction was strongly affected by the extraction temperature and the concentration of reversed micelles, and the selectivity depended on the size of micelles. Water-soluble vitamins could be efficiently and rapidly extracted. The selective extraction of a model mixture of vitamins from pharmaceutical preparations was also demonstrated. Moreover, the usefulness of the proposed method for the determination of vitamins in various commercial tablets was also demonstrated. Using this method, the surfactant remains mixed with the extracted com-... 

To ease part removal, mandrels may be constructed from water-soluble materials (sand), plaster, or an assemblage of metal shells that is collapsible or segmented [6], Tube mandrels constructed with a high-quality surface finish and a slight taper are often used for cylindrical parts. 

The thermal initiator system. This system is made up of water-soluble materials that produce free radicals at a certain temperature to initiate polymerization. The most commonly used i materials for such thermal emulsion polymerizations are potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, or ammonium persulfate. 

Lou, Y. and Groves, M.J. (1995). The use of gelatin microparticles to delay the release of readily water-soluble materials../. Pharm. Pharmacol., 47, 97-102. 

Liquid detergents are used primarily for dishwashing or shampoos and usually are composed of highly water-soluble materials such as the nonionics, the lower molecular weight alkyl aryl sulfonates, the organic amine sulfonates, or mixtures of the same. Active product concentrations in water or an alcohol solvent will vary from 5 to 95%. 

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