Copolymer with maleic acid

Sodium poly(acrylate) copolymer with maleic acid Polyvinyl pyrrolidone copolymer with vinyl acetate Butylated poly(vinylpyrrolidone)... 

Poly(acrylic acid) is very soluble in water as are its copolymers with maleic and itaconic acids. Solutions of 50 % by mass are easily obtained. The isomer of PAA, poly(ethylene maleic acid), is not so soluble. However, solutions of PAA tend over a period of time to gel when their concentration in water approaches 50 % by mass (Crisp, Lewis Wilson, 1975) this is attributed to a slow increase in the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Copolymers of acrylic acid and itaconic acid are more stable in solution and their use has been advocated by Crisp et al. (1975, 1980). 

The liquid is usually a 30-43 % solution of a poly(alkenoic add) which is a homopolymer of acrylic acid or a copolymer with itaconic acid, maleic add, or 3-butene 1,2,3-tricarboxylic add (Smith, 1969 Bertenshaw Combe, 1972a Jurecic, 1973 ESPE, 1975 Wilson, 1975b Suzaki, 1976 Crisp, Lewis Wilson, 1976a Crisp Wilson, 1974c, 1977 Crisp et al., 1980). The method of preparation has already been given in Section 5.3, and the structures of these alkenoic add units are shown in Figure 5.1. The molecular mass of these polyadds varies from 22000 to 49000... 

Analogously, a tribasic polyacid can be represented by the copolymer of maleic acid with acrylic acid ... 

The first type is a standard polysoap derived from a polymerizable surfactant leading to poly(sodium 11-acryloyloxyundecane-l-sulfonate) PSl whereas the second polysoap is an alternating copolymer of maleic acid anhydride and acrylamide leading to a polymer with carboxylic acid groups and hydrophobic n-alkylamide groups PS2 (see Fig. 6.9). The organometaUic catalyst was not covalently bound to the polysoaps in the catalytic experiments. 

The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the Tb(III)-polyelectrolyte complex have been measured41 the polyelectrolytes used were poly(acrylic acid), copolymers of maleic acid with ethylene (MA-E), with isobutene (MA-fBu), and 2,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ene (MA-3MPe). The fluorescence intensity decreases in the order MA-3MPe > MA-iBu > MA-E > PAA and the lifetime is in the reverse order. 

Figure 8. Concentration of different radicals measured from ESR spectra during copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) with maleic acid (MA) ana of VAc with fumaric acid (FA) at different molar concentrations of MA in the VAc-MA system and FA in the VAc-FA system, respectively. (VAc-) and (MA-) refer to monomer radicals and (VAc-MA-) and (VAc-MA-) to the copolymer radicals observed. [VAc] = 5.5 X 10 2M ...

The monomer in (12.30) was made from glycerol, acetone, and acetylene. The alternating copolymer with maleic anhydride cross-links on standing in a moist atmosphere.156 (The carboxylic acid that results from the action of water on the anhydride catalyzes the cleavage of the ac-... 

Hydrolysis of the IA-MA, IB-MA and ID-MA copolymers were studied in neutral, acidic and basic solutions. The copolymers slowly solubilize on prolonged standing in deionized water, due to partial or complete hydrolysis of the anhydride moieties. On hydrolysis the copolymers become acetone insoluble. The IR and NMR spectra of these copolymers, dried for prolonged periods in vacuo at room temperature over phosphorus pentoxide, was supportive of materials with maleic acid and cyclic acetal or ketal residues. Elemental analysis for the partially hydrolyzed IA-MA copolymer was approximately correct for structure V. When heated (>75°C) for prolonged periods the materials slowly convert to new... 

Figure 2. Silver ion binding by TMA salts of copolymers of maleic acid in 0.20M TMANOs at 30°C. Notation of abscissa and ordinate as in Figure I. (O) copolymer with ethylene at a = 0.70 ( ,) copolymer with methyl vinyl ether at a = 0.67.

Commercially available water soluble copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene and methyl vinyl ether (presumably partially hydrolyzed to vicinal carboxylic acids) and triphenylsulfonium triflate were dissolved in water as a casting solvent. Spin-cast films were baked at 130 °C for 10 s, exposed to 254 nm radiation, and postexposure-baked at 130 °C for 40 s. Development with pure water provided negative tone images, presumably due to acid-catalyzed dehydration between vicinal carboxylic acids to form less polar anhydride, as was demonstrated for polarity reversal (4.3.1). However, a copolymer of maleic acid with methyl vinyl ether failed to provide any negative images,... 

Separation into two phases may occur not only in solids but also in solution. This has been observed in copolymers of maleic acid with alkyl vinyl ethers by U. P. Strauss and P. Lane. The microstructure of two-phase poly (methyl methacrylate) is the subject of D. T. Turner and R. P. Kusy. 

Powder coatings are also formed from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (see Section 3.4). Copolymers of ethylene with maleic acid (anhydride) of low molecular mass are water-soluble, form salts, and undergo cross-linking reactions. 

Some recent papers report on the metal ion binding at homo- and copolymers of maleic acid a) Insoluble polymer metal complexes have been prepared from Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) with poly(maleic acid) in water. For Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes a distorted octahedral symmetry has been proposed (see Section 5.4, Experiment 5-5) [39]. b) The kinetics and equilibrium of the complexation of Al(III) with a random copolymer of maleic acid and acrylic acid has been studied [40]. In the first step of complexation an outer sphere complex is formed, followed in the second rate-determining step by the formation of an inner sphere complex, c) Insoluble complexes have been obtained from poly(maleic acid-co-olefin) with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) [41], For the Zn(II) complexes a distorted octahedral geometry has been proposed. 

Synonyms Poly (acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Polymaleic acid, copolymers with polyacrylic acid Classification Acrylic... 

Ptobably the first graft copolymer was based on cellulose, Ushakov (33) who attached vinyl or allyl ethers to cellulose and used these sites to initiate the copolymerization with maleic acid esters. Another early paper was by Jahn (34). Graft polymerization of cellulose has been an active field, at least until recently, and well over a thousand papers and patents have been issued. 

On the other hand, copolymers of maleic acid with various vinyl monomers had been investigated in studying the influence of local charge density on polyelectrolyte properties, and some alternating copolymers of maleic acid with n-alkyl vinyl ethers were found to undergo the conformational transitions from the compact form to the extended coil upon ionization of primary carboxyl groups in maleic acid. " The hydrophobic interaction seems to be responsible for stabilization of the compact form. Viscometric, potentiometric and calorimetric measurements have been used to study the transition mechanisms. 

Another aromatic copolymer of maleic acid with a-methyl styrene (MA-MSt)n was also confirmed to undergo the conformational transition... 

Examination of the behavior of 1-1 copolymers of maleic acid and alkylvinyl ethers studied by Dubin and Strauss," " and Martin and Straussl ll is also significant in this regard. With such copolymers, if the alkyl side groups are small, the conformational properties of the polyelectrolytes can be considered as normal, whereas in the case of increasing size of these groups (up to n-octyl copolymers) compact states stabilized by hydrophobic forces are evidenced. Similar conclusions were drawn by other workers for series of copolymers of maleic acid and alkylvinyl ethersl and for amide acid copolymers prepared by partial... 

Materials and Methods. The following polyelectrolytes were used copolymers of maleic acid (MA) with methyl vinyl ether (MVE), copoly(MA, MVE), and with styrene (St), copoly(MA, St), and poly(iminoethylene) (PEI, branching type). 

It has been reported by Strauss et al. [5] that the transition region observed for alternating copolymers of maleic acid and alkylvinyl ethers was shifted to higher values of a with increased length of hydrophobic side groups. 

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