Poly acrylamide

Monomer Synthesis. Acrylamide, CH2=CH—CONH2, is produced by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile with sulfuric acid at 80°C. After filtration, the acrylamide crystallizes out of the lime-neutralized solution on concentration. 

Polymerization, Properties, and Applications. Acrylamide is polymerized free-radically in aqueous acid solution. At too high a polymerization temperature, imide structures, and hence cross-linking, occur. When the 

In much the same way as poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylamide) serves as a tanning agent, fixative, and sedimenting agent. 

Copolymerization with a little acrylic acid yields an agent which, with the addition of alum, improves the wet strength of the paper by forming A1 cross-links. The reaction of poly(acrylamide) or poly(methacrylamide) with aldehyde yields methylol compounds, which are valuable aids in the textile industry. 

Cross-linked acrylamide copolymers can be used to make enzymes insoluble. 

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Polymeric resins such as poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) [24,25] [cationic resin, pAM-AA], poly(acrylic acid-diallylethylamine-HCl) [20] [amphoteric resin, pAA-DAEA-HCl], and poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid-di-allylamine-HCl [26] [amphoteric resin. pAM-AA-DAA-HCl] and poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid-diallylethylam-ine-HCl) [26] [amphoteric resin, pAM-AA-DAEA-HCl] were also used in water treatment. 

Anionic polyacrylamide was prepared by gamma radiation-initiated copolymerization of acrylamid with sodium acrylate in aqueous solution at optimum conditions for the copolymerization [17]. The copolymerization process produces water-soluble poly (acrylamide-sodium acrylate [pAM-AANa] of high molecular weight [17,54]. 

Poly(acrylamide-diallylethylamine-HCl) (cationic polyacrylamide pAM-HCl) was prepared by gamma radiation-initiated copolymerization of acrylamide with di-allylethylamine-HCI in aqueous solution at the optimum composition for copolymerization of acrylamide with diallylamine derivatives [61]. 

Poly (acrylamide-sodium aery late-d ia 11 y idiet hy lammonium-... 

In previous works [18-20,23,102] water-soluble polymers such as polyacrylamide (pAM), polysodium acrylate (pAA Na), poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate) (pAM-AA Na), poly(acrylamide-diallyethylamine-hy-drochloride) (pAM-DAEA-HCl), and poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate-diallyethylamine-hydrochloride) (pAM-AANa-DAEA-HCl) were used in the recovery of cations and some radioactive isotopes from aqueous solutions. It was found that the floe is formed between the added polymer and ions of the solution in the flocculation process with the formation of a crosslinked structure. The formed cross-linked structure is characterized by [103-105] ... 

MAIs may also be formed free radically when all azo sites are identical and have, therefore, the same reactivity. In this case the reaction with monomer A will be interrupted prior to the complete decomposition of all azo groups. So, Dicke and Heitz [49] partially decomposed poly(azoester)s in the presence of acrylamide. The reaction time was adjusted to a 37% decomposition of the azo groups. Surface active MAIs (M, > 10 ) consisting of hydrophobic poly(azoester) and hydrophilic poly(acrylamide) blocks were obtained (see Scheme 22) These were used for emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate—in the polymerization they act simultaneously as emulsifiers (surface activity) and initiators (azo groups). Thus, a ternary block copolymer was synthesized fairly elegantly. 

Generation of radicals by redox reactions has also been applied for synthesizing block copolymers. As was mentioned in Section II. D. (see Scheme 23), Ce(IV) is able to form radical sites in hydroxyl-terminated compounds. Thus, Erim et al. [116] produced a hydroxyl-terminated poly(acrylamid) by thermal polymerization using 4,4-azobis(4-cyano pentanol). The polymer formed was in a second step treated with ceric (IV) ammonium nitrate, hence generating oxygen centered radicals capable of starting a second free radical polymeriza-... 

Hydrophobic interactions of this kind have been assumed to originate because the attempt to dissolve the hydrocarbon component causes the development of cage structures of hydrogen-bonded water molecules around the non-polar solute. This increase in the regularity of the solvent would result in an overall reduction in entropy of the system, and therefore is not favoured. Hydrophobic effects of this kind are significant in solutions of all water-soluble polymers except poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylamide), where large heats of solution of the polar groups swamp the effect. 

By using thermosensitive poly-acrylamides, it is possible to prepare cubic Pt nanocrystals (with predominant (1 0 0) facets) and tetrahedral Pt nanocrystals (rich in (111) facets). These Pt nanocrystals can be supported on oxide (alumina) and used as a catalyst in structure-sensitive reaction, NO reduction by CH4. The results proved that morphologically controlled metal nanoparticles supported on adequate support give us a novel tool to connect the worlds of surface science with that of real catalysis. 

After grafting with AM the Nls peak appears, the Cls peak has only one side peak (C=0) at about 286 eV and the Ols peak is dominated by 0(C=0) which indicates an almost complete cover of grafted poly(acrylamide) chains 4 CH2-CH(CO-NH2) n The grafting kinetics (Figure 11) is similar to that ot PE and PP substrates (comp. Figure... 

Poly(acrylamide) Poly(maleic acid half esters)... 

Another way to prepare a poly(acrylamide) illustrates the polymerization of the benzotriazolide of acrylic acid and reaction of the resulting polyazolide with an... 

Flocculants cause colloidal clay particles to coagulate thus promoting separation from the drilling fluid which has been circulated down the wellbore and returned to the surface. The treated fluid may then be pumped back down the well bore. Sodium chloride, hydrated lime, gypsum, sodium tetraphosphate, polyacrylamide, poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), cationic polyacrylamides, and poly(ethylene oxide) have been used commercially. 

Other viscosifiers described in the literature include acrylate copolymers such as poly(acrylamide-co-dodecylmethacrylate)... 

The utility of MALDI-FTMS analysis for use in chemotaxonomic applications has been established, but this method can be applied to other areas of interest, such as biomedical and environmental analyses. A common method used by biochemists and biologists today is recombinant overexpression of proteins using bacterial whole cells in cases where large quantity of a protein is desired. The main method presently used to determine if the overexpression was successful is the use of SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulfate-poly acrylamide gel... 

Hydrogen peroxide, Poly(acrylamide) gel, etc. See Hydrogen peroxide 2-Ethoxyethanol, etc. See other PEROXIDISABLE compounds... 

Preparative electrophoresis on Sephadex G-25 (Ref. 168) or double isoelectric focusing,208 preceded by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, CM-cellulose, and calcium phosphate, was used for the isolation of endo-D-galacturonanase from the filtrate of a Verticillium albo-atrum culture. The homogeneity was confirmed in both cases by electrophoresis on poly(acrylamide) gel. The molecular weight of the enzyme was close to the values found for Aspergillus endo-D-galacturonanases. 

PEG, 13 736-737 pH-sensitive, 13 743 PHEMA, 13 733-734, 749, 750 poly(acrylamide)-based, 13 737-738 poly(acrylic/methacrylic acid), 13 734 poly(N-vinyl 2-pyrrolidone), 13 739 polyurethane, 13 739 porous, 13 750-751 preparation methods for, 13 731-732 properties and preparation of,... 

The main disadvantage in using poly(acrylamide) systems is that they are not biodegradable and the monomers are toxic. Extensive purification is also required to remove the organic solvents, anionic surfactants, and residual monomers. Edman et al. [74] produced biodegradable poly(acryldextran) particles by incorporating dextran into the poly(acrylamide) chain. These particulate systems were metabolized and eliminated faster, both in vivo and in vitro, than poly(acrylamide) particles. 

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