Groups, independence

The team should be realistic about the time required to see improvements in end-of-pipe measures in most cases the pilot project success will be measured on efficiency improvements and other in-process measures alone. In this case it is important to demonstrate that all PSM and ESH issues are being managed. You should consider having a management systems audit (validation) conducted by a group independent of the integration project team. This may be done in conjunction with the next scheduled audit. This may be a corporate or divisional audit function or a consultant engaged specifically for this task. 

Furchgott and Zawadzki [1] first discovered that endothelial cells release a substance(s) responsible for the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by acetylcholine this substance was named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). This epoch-making discovery answers the question raised for nearly one hundred years by pharmacologists about why vascular smooth muscle is relaxed by acetylcholine, which however elicits contraction of the other smooth muscles. Because of its instability, the true chemical nature of EDRF was not easily identified. Several years later, several research groups independently found that the biological activities and biochemical properties of EDRF were identical... 

In 1987 a major breakthrough was achieved when two research groups independently succeeded in the synthesis of monomeric silylene complexes in the form of stable base adducts [35-38]. 

In 1977, a number of groups independently demonstrated that matrix-isolation methods could be used for generating, isolating, and... 

After that, Newton s method of iterations applies equally well to either of these groups independently. By analogy with the isotermic case the first group of equations is to be solved with a prescribed temperature, while the second one needs the assigned values of rj and v. The essence of the matter in the last case is that the origin of the heat conduction equation is stipulated by the available sources of a dynamical nature. 

A novel decarboxylase, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, was found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1AM 12048 at first. Thereafter, the same activity was found in Rhizobium species by two groups independently. Furthermore, Pandoraea sp. 12B-2, the most powerful producer of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, was isolated. These enzymes have been purified and characterized. 

In 1998, two other examples of chiral ligands that enabled the asymmetric addition of organozinc reagents to ketones were reported by two groups independently. Thus, Dosa and Fu employed the nonsulfur-containing Noyori s DAIB " ligand in the asymmetric addition of ZnPh2 to ketones with... 

The analysis of each EO distribution of a multiple alkyl AE should facilitate better characterization protocols. One-dimensional NPLC may provide sufficient resolution for less complicated AE (i.e., Novel II 1412-70 and Brij 35), but 2DLC offers the selectivity to display the EO distribution of each end group independently, which is neither easy nor unambiguous to extract from one-dimensional data. 2DLC is a powerful technique not only to separate materials, but also to aid in identification, characterization, analytical trouble shooting, synthesis optimization, and quality control. 

Adenylate cyclase was identified as the primary Ras target in yeast (Saccha-romyces cerevisiae) [56] but it took a while before in 1993 several groups independently found Raf to be the effector of Ras in mammals [41-44]. Shortly afterwards it was realized that this is not the only target of Ras but up until now it appears to be the most prominent one. Raf is a Ser/Thr-specific protein kinase which phosphorylates and thereby activates Mek which in turn phosphorylates and activates Erk, leading to an amplification of the signal. Erk, also termed MAPK, has a plethora of phosphorylation targets, the most important of which are transcription factors such as Elk-1, leading to activation of the transcription machinery in the nucleus. 

Palladium-catalyzed addition of a silicon-tin linkage across a carbon-carbon triple bond was first reported in 1985 by the Mitchell group and the Ghenard group independently.251,252 Since then, the silastannation reaction of alkynes has been studied extensively (Table J) 25S 261... 

It thus came as a surprise that in the year 2000, three groups independently reported the use of three new classes of monodentate ligands (Scheme 28.2) [12], The ligands induced remarkably high enantioselectivities, comparable to those obtained using the best bidentate phosphines, in the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective alkene hydrogenation. All three being based on a BINOL backbone, and devoid of chirality on phosphorus, these monophosphonites [13], monophosphites [14] and monophosphoramidites [15] are very easy to prepare and are equipped with a variable alkyl, alkoxy, or amine functionality, respectively. 

A further distinction still is possible by decomposing the state variables into two groups independent and dependent variables. This decomposition will lead us to two different problems, as we will discuss later. 

Two groups independently demonstrated that the strategy for the preparation of 55 could be used for the synthesis of 2-substituted-3-allenylbenzo[b]furans 59 (Scheme 3.31). The synthesis of 59 was achieved by intermolecular cyclization between alkynylphenols 56 and propargyl carbonates 57 [67] or by intramolecular rearrangement of (2-alkynylphenyl)propargyl ethers 58 [67, 68]. 

Remarkably, at the same time, several groups independently determined that there was a previously undiscovered component to the SCF complex - a small non-canonical RING finger protein known variably as Rbxl, Rod or Hrtl [36-... 

The Schneider group independently reported an asymmetric vinylogous Mannich reaction (Scheme 27) [47]. Addition of silyl dienolates 73 to A-PMP-protected imines 74 was promoted by phosphoric acid (R)-3g (5 mol%, R = Mes) with mesityl substituents to afford tra i -a,p-nnsatnrated 8-amino esters 75 in high yields (66-94%) together with good enantioselectivities (80-92% ee). 

In 2006, two groups independently developed an asymmetric Brpnsted acid-catalyzed aza-Diels-Alder-type reaction of iV-aryl aldimines 86 with cyclohexenone 101 to provide isoquinuclidines 102 in good yields (51-84%), endo-diastereoselec-tivities (3 1-9 1), and enantioselectivities (76-88% ee) (Scheme 39). 

In 2007, two groups independently described asymmetric phosphoric acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylations of indoles. While You et al. chose the conventional approach and employed imines as substrates (Scheme 11), Terada and coworkers came up with a different concept and used electron-rich alkenes as precursors (Scheme 49) [73]. Enecarbamates 125 reacted with indoles 29 in the presence of BINOL phosphate (R)-io (5 mol%, R = bearing 2,4,6-triisopropyl-... 

The isorniinchnone cyclization/isocyanate cycloreversion process for substituted furan synthesis has been well studied, as exemplified by the conversion of 104 to 106 (Scheme 19.19). In a solid-phase adaptation of this transformation, two groups independently utilized this reaction to estabhsh a traceless self-cleaving method for the synthesis of substituted furans [176, 177]. Further investigation of the thermal requirements of this cycloreversion led to its application in the split-pool synthesis of a small library of amides [178]. 

In the late 1970s no ab initio programs contained algorithms for directly computing IR frequencies or intensities. However, two groups independently (Kollmar and Staemmler and Hess and Schaad ) undertook the calculation of the IR spectrum of 1. This required a point-by-point calculation of the force-constant matrix, but fortunately the high symmetry (D2 ) of cyclobutadiene significantly... 

The Jacobsen group independently focussed on the development of primary amine-functionalized thiourea derivatives and published, in 2006, the thioureas 100-103 incorporating the established tert-leucine (amide) motif (Figure 6.14) and the diaminocyclohexane or diphenylethylenediamine chiral backbone, respectively (Figure 6.31) [262]. The catalyst screening was carried out in the asymmetric Michael addition [149-152] of 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, an a,a-disubstituted aldehyde, to 1-nitrohex-l-ene (at 20mol% loading, DCM, rt, variable equiv. of H2O)... 

In 2005, various groups independently realized the potential of the easily available cinchona alkaloids as chiral templates for the synthesis of the new class... 

An important contribution that developed into the catalytic use of the vinylidene complexes for the construction of carbon frameworks was reported by two research groups independently for the preparation of Fischer-type carbene complexes by the reaction of terminal alkynes with pentacarbonylchromium or tungsten species in the presence of oxygen nucleophiles. 

In addition to these examples, the late transition metals such as ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium have shown their effectiveness in catalyzing the PKR. In 1997, two groups independently showed that [Ru3(CO)i2] can catalyze the PKR. The group led by Murai reported the conditions that employ dioxane as a solvent " another group led by Mitsudo employed DM AC as a solvent." Both conditions required high pressure of CO (10-15 atm) and the scope is limited to the disubstituted alkynes. 

In contrast to the normal-scXcctwc hydroformylation mainly developed in industry, asymmetric hydroformylation, which requires /i o-aldehydes ( branched aldehydes) to be formed from I-alkenes, was first examined in the early 1970s by four groups independently, using Rh(i) complexes of chiral phosphines as catalysts. " Since then, a number of chiral ligands have been employed for asymmetric hydroformylation and used in combination with transition metal ions, especially Pt(ii) and Rh(i). Asymmetric hydroformylation of I-alkenes is most extensively studied. 

Two groups independently reported the formation of titanium homoenolates by the transmetalation reaction of 3-stannyl-propionate esters with TiCl, Eq. (48) [45, 46]. Amide homoenolates become available along this route [47], The trichlorotitanium species thus obtained have been shown ( H NMR) to be similar to that generated along the siloxycyclopropane route and indeed exhibit very similar reactivities. This method does provide a conventient alternative to the siloxycyclopropane route. 

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