Ketamines

Ketamine is a cyclohexane human and veterinary injectable anesthetic that is also known by the slang names K, special K, vitamin K, and cat Valium (Bobo and Miller 2002). It is produced in a liquid form or as a white powder and is usually ingested orally or intranasally but is occasionally administered intramuscularly. Ketamine is a phencyclidine (PCP) analog that was first developed in 1962. 

Special K, Vitamin K, Lady K, Super K, Kat, Kit Kat, Cat Valium, Bump, Jet, Ket, Ketalar, Ketaject, Psychedelic Heroin, Super acid, Super C, Green, Purple, Kelly s Day, Honey Oil, Blind Squid. 

Ketamine dealers have been known to obtain the drug by breaking into veterinary clinics or pharmacies and stealing their supply of the drug. Dealers also get ketamine by diverting shipments of the drug from pharmacies and veterinary clinics in Mexico. 

Higher doses of ketamine (more than 100 milligrams) produce more profound psychological effects, sometimes known as the K-Hole. Here, users often experience out-of-body or near-death experiences, where they feel like 

Physical effects of high doses of ketamine include decreased respiration and heart rate, increased blood pressure, and the possibility of vomiting and convulsions. These can lead to cardiac and respiratory arrest, coma, and death. The risk of ketamine overdose is much greater when it is mixed with other drugs such as alcohol, Ecstasy, caffeine, or cocaine. Overdoses of ketamine have been reported when people boost the drug (take another dose before the first dose wears off) to prolong its psychedelic effects. 

Since ketamine is an anesthetic, most users report profound feelings of numbness. Ketamine users can easily burn themselves on a stove or lamp while on the drug and not even know it. 

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Another injectable anesthetic widely used in feline and primate practice is ketamine hydrochloride [1867-66-9]. Ketamine, a derivative of phencychdine, can be chemically classified as a cyclohexamine and pharmacologically as a dissociative agent. Analgesia is produced along with a state that resembles anesthesia but in humans has been associated with hallucinations and confusion. For these reasons, ketamine is often combined with a tranquilizer. The product is safe when used in accordance with label directions, but the recovery period may be as long as 12—24 h. 

Fazidinium bromide Fenoterol hydrobromide Folic acid Halothane Ifenprodil tartrate Ketamine HCI Mema ntine Metaproterenol Norfenefrine Oxaflozane HCI Phendimetrazine tartrate Phentermine HCI Procarbazine HCI Promegestone Pyrovalerone HCI Sulfacytine Sulfalene Trioxsalen N-8romoacetamide Fluazacort... 

N-p-Chlorobenzohydryl piperazine Hydroxyzine HCI o-Chlorobenzo nitrile Ketamine HCI o-Chlorobenzophenone Chlophedianol 4-Chlorobenzophenone Chlorphenoxamine HCI p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride Benoxaprofen... 

Cyclopentamine HCI Cyclopentolate HCI Cyclopentyl bromide Ketamine HCI Quinestrol... 

CR(C)1419 83GEP3242610] they had a higher therapeutic index as a hypnotic than ketamin. 

Dissociative anesthetic is a term applied to phencyclidine and ketamine which induce a peculiar subjective state of dissociation from the environment, together with sedation, immobility, amnesia, analgesia, and ultimately coma. 

Mice lacking the 8 subunit, which is mainly expressed in cerebellum and thalamus, display an attenuation of ssatrighting reflex time following the administration of the neurosteroids, alphaxalone and pregnanolone, while the responses to propofol, etomindate, ketamine and the benzodiazepine midazolam were unaffected. This demonstrates the role of GABAa receptors containing the 8 subunit for neurosteroid action. 

Psychotomimetic Drugs. Figure 2 Chemical structures of the dissociative anesthetics phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. Both are arylcycloalkylamine derivatives that are open channel blockers of the NMDA channel. 

Ketamine (Ketalar) is a rapid-acting general anesthetic. It produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, normal or enhanced skeletal muscle tone, and occasionally mild respiratory depression. Ketamine is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require relaxation of skeletal muscles, for induction of anesthesia before the administration of other anesthetic drugp, and as a supplement to other anesthetic drags. 

CjH7Br 36291-48-2) see Cyclopentobarbital (l-bromocyclapenlyl)(2-chlorophenyl)methanone (C12H12B1CIO 6740-86-9) see Ketamine... 

C7H4CI2O 122-01-0) see Acemetacin Benoxaprofen Bezafibrate Feclobuzone Fenofibrate Indometacin Moclobemide Progabide Rebamipide Zomepirac (2-chlorobenzoyi)cyciopentane (C12H13CIO 6740-85-8) see Ketamine... 

CjHijBrMg 33240-34-5) see Cycrimine Glycopyrronium bromide Ketamine Penthienate methobromide... 

Other systems also interact with glutamate. Activation of L-type voltagegated calcium channels (VGCC) occurs with NMDA receptor activation. Lamotrigine blocks several ion channels, including P- and N-type VGCC channels, an action that blocks the euphoric effects of ketamine and reduces dysphoric and cognitive effects (Hundt et al. 1998). Other modulatory sites,... 

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