Analysis ketamine

Ketamine, originally developed as an anesthetic, was recently investigated as a potential drug that would reverse the problem of protein metabolism in AIDS patients. Analysis of the distribution of the drug in various body fluids was complicated by the presence of two chiral metabolites. A 30 m long,... 

Respiratory In a meta-analysis of the occurrence of all airway and respiratory adverse events, and the specific occurrence of laryn-gospasm and apnea in 8282 children who received ketamine sedation in an Emergency Department, the incidence of airway and respiratory problems was 319/8282 (3.9%), of which 22 (0.3%) were laryngo-spasm and 63 (0.8%) were apnea [25 ]. Children aged under 2 years and 13 years and over had the highest rates of overall adverse events (OR = 2.72 95% Cl = 1.97, 3.74). Adverse airway and respiratory events were less common with low doses... 

Complications of drug analysis were successfully resolved by the combination of TLC with MALDI-MS. TLC combined with MALDI-MS was used for analysis of psychotropic drugs (3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine, methamphetamine, p-hydroxy methamphetamine, amphetamine, ketamine, caffeine, chlorpromazine, triazolam, and morphine) in biological samples [42]. This technique was able to analyze 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolites in urine samples without sample dilution, and the detection limit of the MDMA spot was 0.05 ng/ spot. Crecelius and coworkers described the use of TLC with MALDI-MS/MS for the structural analysis of small drug molecules [43]. This method was successfully applied to analyze two representatives of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (tenoxi-cam and piroxicam), and pharmaceutically active compound UK-137,457 and one of its related substances UK-124,912. The feasibility of UTLC-atmospheric pressure (AP)-MALDI-MS was described for the analysis of small molecules (triazole, midazolam, verapamil, and metaprolol) [44]. The authors compared the selectivity and sensitivity between UTLC- and HPTLC-AP-MALDI-MS. It was observed that UTLC plates provided 10-100 times better sensitivity in MALDI analysis than the conventional... 

Several standards (MDMA, MDA, MDME, caffeine, ketamine, methamphet-amine, and amphetamine) and ecstasy tablets were analyzed using TLC [23]. We developed a TLC/EASI-MS systan (Figure 16.6) for the rapid aud direct analysis of ecstasy tablets. The TLC results could be validated with EASI/MS, via identification of the spots observed in TLC [23],... 

Figure 16.9a shows the TLC/EASI-MS results for the spot corresponding to tablet 1 (Tl), which was positive for MDMA (m/z 194 and m/z 423 [24]) and thus confirms that MDMA and methamphetamine exhibited the same Rf in this solvent system (see Figure 16.7c). These results highlight the importance of coupling TLC and EASI-MS for a fast and conclusive analysis. Similar results were obtained for all other tablets (T2-T5 and T7-T8), except for T6, which showed an Rf value that was similar to those of caffeine and ketamine.

On analysis of T6 by TLC/EASI-MS, it was revealed that no signal corresponded to MDMA, caffeine, or ketamine (Figure 16.9b). However, GC-MS revealed the presence of caffeine, as was indicated in the TLC. The retention time and respective mass spectrum characteristic of caffeine compound corresponded to those obtained for the caffeine standard solution (data not shown) [23]. 

Rapid Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Plasma Levels of Ketamine and Major Metabolites Employing Either Nitrogen Selective or Mass Spectroscopic Detection... 

Lin Y-H, Li J-H, Ko W-K, Wu S-M (2006) Direct and sensitive analysis of methamphet-amine, ketamine, morphine and codeine in human urine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1130(2) 281-286... 

For statistical analysis, the latencies measured on conscious dogs were averaged for each eye in order to obtain the same number of data points as for the ketamine and thiopental anesthetic trials. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fischer test. 

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