Oral ingestion

R = N(CH2CH3 )2) (LSD-25, as the tartrate salt) could be absorbed through the skin with resulting inebriation. In a bold experiment, it was then demonstrated that oral ingestion resulted in symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia which, although temporary, were quite dramatic (64). 

Health and Safety Factors. The low solubiUty of calcium fluoride reduces the potential problem of fluoride-related toxicity. Water saturated with calcium fluoride has a fluoride concentration of 8.1 ppm as compared to the recommended water fluoridation level of 1 ppm fluoride ion. However, because the solubiUty of calcium fluoride ia stomach acid is higher, continued oral ingestion of calcium fluoride could produce symptoms of fluorosis. The adopted TWA limit for fluorides as F is 2.5 mg/m (68,69). 

The acute toxicity of DMF is relatively low. The LD q by oral ingestion ia rats is 2800 mg/kg and the LC for mice is 9400 mg/(2 h). Skin absorption is also an important route by which DMF can be iatroduced iato the body, and an LD q of 4720 mg/kg has been observed ia rabbit-skia exposure studies. 

Compounds of most PGMs are only slightly to moderately toxic by oral ingestion (264), LD q (rat) RhCl, 1300 mg/kg Na2[IrCy, 500 mg/kg ... 

Isocyanates. Isocyanates in general are toxic chemicals and require great care in handling. Oral ingestion of substantial quantities of isocyanates can be tolerated by the human body, but acute symptoms may develop from the inhalation of much smaller amounts. The inhalation of isocyanates presents a ha2ard for the people who work with them as weU as the people who Hve in the proximity of an isocyanate plant. Adequate control of exposure is necessary to achieve a safe working environment. The suppHers Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) have to be consulted for the most current information on the safe handling of isocyanates. 

Vinyl acetate has moderate acute toxicity if ingested. The LD q for oral ingestion in rats is 2.9 g/kg body weight for absorption through the skin, the LD q in rats is more than 5 mL/kg in 24 h. First-aid procedures to be followed in the event of overexposure to vinyl acetate are as foUow ... 

LD q values are for rat-oral (ingestion) except for diethyl phthalate which is rat-intraperitoneal. 

Lovastatin is administered as an inactive lactone. After oral ingestion, it is hydrolyzed to the active mevinolinic acid, a competitive inhibitor of the reductase with a Ki of 0.6 nM. Mevinolinic acid is thought to behave as a transition-state analog (Chapter 16) of the tetrahedral intermediate formed in the HMG-CoA reductase reaction (see figure). 

Red P is poisonous on inhalation or ingestion, but slower acting than white P. The lowest published lethal dose in man by oral ingestion is 1.4mg/kg (Ref 7). It should never be allowed to... 

Phenol blood levels measured after application of 3 ml of 50% solution of phenol is 0.68 mg/dl, while in patients who survived accidental oral ingestion of phenol, a level of 23 mg/ dl was found. Application of phenol to one cosmetic unit is equivalent to the application of phenol into a nail matrix for matrixectomy. 

Anthocyanins are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. These compounds are usually recovered in very small amounts in human serum after oral ingestion (less than 1% of the dose) or in the IN fraction after in vitro digestion (about 5%). ° Unlike other polyphenols, anthocyanins constitute an exception because intact glycosides are recovered in the body (without deglycosylation prior to absorption). - This may be explained by either the instability of the free aglycone form or by a specific mechanism of absorption for anthocyanins. 

For the majority of drugs, the preferred administration route is by oral ingestion which requires good intestinal absorption of drug molecules. Intestinal absorption is usually expressed as fraction absorbed (FA), expressing the percentage of initial dose appearing in a portal vein [15]. 

Barium enema A diagnostic test using x-ray examination to view the lower gastrointestinal tract (colon and rectum) after oral ingestion of barium sulfate, a chalky liquid contrast medium. 

The NRC requires that the occupational intake of americium isotopes not exceed certain specified Annual Limits on Intake (ALIs) for the inhalation and oral routes of exposure. For241 Am and 243Am, the oral ingestion ALI is 0.8 JLlCi and the inhalation ALI is 0.006 pCi, both of which are based on the deterministic dose limit to the bone surface (NRC 2000). 

Occupational values—oral ingestion (ALI) 241 Am 242Am 243Am 8x1 O 1 pCi 4x103 pCi 8x1 O 1 pCi NRC 2001a 10CFR20, Appendix B... 

No animal or human data were available for inhalation exposure. There are no data regarding effects in humans after oral exposure. Information is available in animals regarding health effects following acute, intermediate, and chronic oral ingestion of diisopropyl methylphosphonate. The animal data obtained after oral exposure indicate that diisopropyl methylphosphonate is moderately toxic after acute bolus exposure but has a lower order of toxicity after intermediate and chronic exposures in food. No data were found on the toxicity of diisopropyl methylphosphonate after exposure in drinking water. Further, diisopropyl methylphosphonate is rapidly metabolized and excreted and does not accumulate. It does not appear to have reproductive or developmental effects. At the doses tested, it does not appear to be an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, although this issue has not been resolved yet. Limited data are available for dermal exposure in humans and animals. Diisopropyl methylphosphonate does not appear to be a... 

Oral ingestion of diisopropyl methylphosphonate does not appear to induce respiratory effects. Necropsy of both male and female rats that died as the result of a single dose (928, 1362, or 2,000 mg/kg) of diisopropyl methylphosphonate administered by gastric intubation revealed some hyperemia of the lungs however, most animals displayed no abnormalities (Hart 1976). No abnormal necropsy findings were noted in Swiss Webster mice dosed similarly in a companion study (Hart 1976). No important abnormalities were noted in the necropsy of rats receiving diisopropyl methylphosphonate in the diet (0,... 

Carpenter et al. 1959), and decreased lactation and delayed estrus in cows after oral ingestion of Fyrquel-150-contaminated plant tissue at unspecified dose levels (Beck et al. 1977). 

Fig. 17 (A) Demeclocycline serum concentrations as a function of time in four to six subjects after oral ingestion of deme-...

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