Ketamine forms

EXTENSIONS AND COMMENTARY Four quotations were chosen arbitrarily from literally hundreds that have worked their ways into the files. The vast majority are positive, ranging from the colorful to the ecstatic. But not all are. There are people who choose not to go into the corporeal but, rather, prefer the out-of-body experience. They express discomfort with 2C-B, and seem to lean more to the Ketamine form of altered state, one which dissociates body from mind. 

They express discomfort with 2C-B, and seem to lean more to the Ketamine form of altered state, one which dissociates body from mind. 

Ketamine is a cyclohexane human and veterinary injectable anesthetic that is also known by the slang names K, special K, vitamin K, and cat Valium (Bobo and Miller 2002). It is produced in a liquid form or as a white powder and is usually ingested orally or intranasally but is occasionally administered intramuscularly. Ketamine is a phencyclidine (PCP) analog that was first developed in 1962. 

Ketamine is most commonly sold to pharmacies and veterinary clinics in a clear liquid form (Figure 6.1). Illegal users of ketamine inject the drug intravenously or intramuscularly, mix it into a drink, or dip tobacco or marijuana cigarettes into the liquid prior to smoking them. Ketamine liquid is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. This liquid can be easily converted to a white powder by allowing the liquid to evaporate and then collecting the powder residue. This powder can also be mixed into drinks, snorted, or smoked. A typical dose of ketamine costs 20- 25 on the street. 

Figure 6.1 Ketamine was originally used in both humans and animals as an anesthetic during surgery. Vials containing the liquid form of ketamine, like the ones pictured here, are still widely used for veterinary purposes.

Figure 10.1 Drug enforcement agents in the Phillipines surround confiscated bags and vials of ketamine after an apartment raid in May 2005. The drugs had an estimated street value of 150,000 U.S. dollars. In powdered form, ketamine has an appearance similar to cocaine but a vastly different pharmacology.

Users also have specific trends regarding how and with what they consume Ecstasy. Though generally taken orally in pill form, Boston users in their late teens and early twenties sometimes inject MDMA and ketamine intramuscularly, and Sioux Falls users increasingly crush and snort it. Ecstasy is also frequently taken in combination with or sequentially with alcohol, marijuana, or both. Other drugs are also taken with MDMA (LSD, GHB, ketamine, prescription pills, heroin, cough syrup, camphor/menthol inhalants, Viagra , and nitrous oxide). 

I smoked 850 meg. of Salvinorin and was immediately transported into a dimension where I shared the consciousness of the Salvia entity. My awareness was spread throughout the labyrinthine maze of her roots, stems, and leaves, in connection with many other plant forms. I found myself on the brink of infinity, a sensation I have felt several times now on Salvinorin but had previously only felt on Ketamine at this level of intensity. I had the perception that when I smoke Salvinorin, the Salvia entity and myself actually trade/share consciousness for a period of time. 

Figure 2.6. Percent of reduction in EEG median frequency as function of ketamine plasma concentration given as the two enatiomeric forms. (Reprinted with permission from Rowland and Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 3rd ed., Lea Febiger, Philadelphia, 1995, p. 341.)...

Ketamine is sold to veterinary offices and hospitals in liquid form under the brand names Ketaject, Ketaset, and Ketalar. When properly administered as an anesthetic in a clinical setting, it is usually delivered by intramuscular injection, though small children and the elderly may receive oral doses. 

Increasingly, ketamine is being sold in press-pill or capsule form. There is no way to accurately gauge how much pure ketamine is being consumed when purchased in this form or with which other drugs (heroin, caffeine, methamphetamine, etc.) it has been combined. 

All of the neuroleptics are consumed in their pure form and are rarely abused. Most of the sedative-hypnotics of abuse are diverted from legitimate sources and remain in their pure form. However, occasionally powdered forms of illegal drugs (such as ketamine hydrochloride), which are often manufactured in clandestine laboratories, are mixed with tobacco, marijuana, or other drugs. 

A review of the use of naloxone in mechanisms for the control of pain has been published395 and the effects of this compound on behaviour,254,396-415 the brain,284,416-419 various forms of shock,420-428 respiration,349 primary apnoea in neonates,429 the intake of food430-433 and of water,431 437 renal function,438 the gastro-intestinal tract,299,305 bodily temperature,439 memory,440 electroseizures,441 epilepsy,442 immuno-reactivity,325 ketamine narcosis,443 reserpine-induced... 

The title complex represents the parent compound of several known metalla-/3-iminoketone molecules.2 In each case a metalla-/3-diketone molecule is treated with a primary amine, affording the corresponding metalla-/3-imino-ketone derivative. The structure of the cis-tetracarbonylrhenium metalla analogue of N-phenylacetimidoylacetone has been determined.3 The structure of this complex confirms the formulation of these complexes as metalla analogues of the ketamine tautomer of /3-iminoketone molecules. However, the electronic structure is described best by the zwitterionic resonance form shown below. 

The liquid form of ketamine is sometimes baked to yield a solid form that is often sold on the street as a fine white powder. This powdered form can be snorted, smoked, or packed into gel caps and taken orally. These ketamine pills are usually very diluted and cut with a stimulant such as caffeine or ephedrine (a natural amphetamine-like chemical). 

In its powdered form, ketamine is often mistaken for cocaine or crystal methamphetamine. Reports also indicate that ketamine is sometimes sold as Ecstasy (MDMA) and mixed with other drugs. In all its forms, ketamine is usually sold for 25 to 50 per gram.52... 

Figure 4.3 Ketamine is sold for veterinary use in liquid form under the brand name Ketaset . Because drug abusers know ketamine is readily available in veterinary clinics, this may put animal health professionals at risk for attack or burglary by people who want to obtain the otherwise illegal drug.

Ketamine became a controlled Schedule III substance in August 1999 based on DEA data documenting the growing abuse of this drug. The marketed forms of ketamine—Ketalar (for human use) and Ketaset, Ketajet, and Vetalar (for veterinary use)—are available only to licensed medical and veterinary personnel. Clandestine manufacture of ketamine has not been encountered because, in contrast to that of PCP, the synthesis of ketamine is a complex and time-consuming process. For this reason, the vast majority of ketamine distributed in the United States is diverted or stolen from legitimate sources, particularly veterinary clinics. 

Certain drugs can cause this blackout effect, including ketamine, which is available in a white powder form that... 

Because ketamine comes in an iniectahle form and because many of its users are medical personnel, it tends to he taken by injection, usually intramuscularly Given in this way it produces an altered state of consciousness that begins in a few minutes and lasts about half an hour. The feeling is one of dreamy, floating disconnection from external reality. Some ketamine enthusiasts like to cake it while lying in sensory isolation tanks in attempts to have out-of-the-body experiences. 

Ketamine (street names special K, K, vitamin K, cat valiums). Ketamine is an injectable anesthetic that has been approved for both human and animal use in medical settings since 1970. Ketamine is produced in liquid form or as a white powder that is often snorted or smoked with... 

Ketamine, a dissociative anaesthetic, is administered as a racemic mixture (present in the parenteral preparation) and is initially metabolized by the liver to AT-desmethylketamine (metabolite I), which in part is converted by oxidation to the cyclohexene (metabolite II) (Fig. 1.5). The major metabolites found in urine are glucuronide conjugates that are formed subsequent to hydroxylation of the cyclohexanone ring. As the enantiomers differ in anaesthetic potency and the enantioselectively formed (metabolite I has approximately 10% activity of the parent drug) interpretation of the relationship between the anaesthetic effect and disposition of ketamine is complicated. On a pharmacodynamic basis, the S(+) enantiomer is three times as potent as the R(-) enantiomer (Marietta et al., 1977 Deleforge et al., 1991), while the enantiomer that undergoes N-demethylation (hepatic microsomal reaction) differs between species (Delatour et al, 1991). Based on the observed minimum anaesthetic... 

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