Ketamine psychological

Schedule III—The drug or other substance has (1) a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II, (2) a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and (3) abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Examples ketamine, anabolic steroids, some barbiturates. 

Higher doses of ketamine (more than 100 milligrams) produce more profound psychological effects, sometimes known as the K-Hole. Here, users often experience out-of-body or near-death experiences, where they feel like... 

Emergence delirium with restlessness, disorientation and unpleasant dreams or hallucinations may occur for up 24 hours following ketamine administration. Their incidence is reduced by psychological preparation of the patient, avoidance of verbal and tactile stimulation during the recovery period, or by concomitant administration of opioids, benzodiazepines, propofol or physostigmine. However, unpleasant dreams may persist. 

A survey conducted in Austria at the same time found that regular users of MDMA and amphetamines thought there were significant psychological risks associated with ketamine use. The authors also mentioned that the drug is perceived as being high status. ... 

Gouzoulis-Mayffank E, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Stoll M, Stock C, et al. 2005. Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) A double-blind,... 

People who use ketamine regularly can suffer psychological problems. Paranoia and delirium are the main difficulties.59 There are many reports of regular ketamine users starting to see patterns and coincidences (synchronicities) in the world around them. To users, these patterns indicate that they are somehow more important or integral to the world than other people, and this can also contribute to their feelings of paranoia. 

Abuse of ketamine may lead to low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence. 

There have been several attempts to attenuate the unpleasant psychological adverse effects that occur after sedation with ketamine. 

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a potent veterinary analgesic and anesthetic it is sometimes used iUicitly by humans in cases of drug abuse, leading to serious psychological disturbances. Ketamine is a rapid-acting general anesthetic and anesthesia adjunct, administered intramuscularly and intravenously. 

The effects of a ketamine high usually last an hour, but they can last for 4 to 6 hours, and 24 to 48 hours are generally required before the user will feel completely normal again. Effects of chronic use of ketamine may take from several months to 2 years to disappear completely. Low doses (25 to 100 mg) produce psychedelic effects quickly. Large doses can produce vomiting and convulsions and may lead to hypoxia of the brain and muscles 1 g can cause death. Flashbacks may even occur 1 year after use. Long-term effects include tolerance and possible physical and/or psychological dependence. 

Emergence from ketamine s anesthesia may be associated with psychological manifestations such as pleasant dream-like states, vivid imagery, hallucinations and emergence delirium, sometimes accompanied by confusion, excitement, and irrational behavior. The duration is ordinarily a few hours however, recurrences have been seen up to 24 hours postoperatively. No residual psychological... 

Psychological The incidences of different types of emergence phenomena after intravenous ketamine, mean dose 1.15 mg/kg, for procedural sedation have been investigated in children [40 ]. Of 745 patients, 93 (13%) cried on awakening from sedation, of whom 84 were consoled by their parents. The rest were defined as having emergence delirium. Another seven children were... 

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