Surgical Procedure

Isoflurane is the most widely used inhalational anesthetic and more closely approaches the ideal than other marketed dmgs. It has found appHcation in the anesthetic management of all types of surgical procedures. 

Another clinical consideration is the abiUty of local anesthetic agents to effect differential blockade of sensory and motor fibers. In surgical procedures such as obstetrics or postoperative pain rehef, an agent which produces profound sensory block accompanied by minimal motor block is desirable. On the other hand some procedures such as limb surgery require both deep sensory and motor blockade. In clinical practice, bupivacaine ( 22,... 

Chloroprocaine hydrochloride [3858-89-7] is characterized by low potency, rapid onset, short duration of action, and low systemic toxicity. It is indicated for infiltration anesthesia at 1—2% and for extradural anesthesia at 2—3% when short surgical procedures are performed under regional anesthesia. Chloroprocaine may be mixed with long duration agents such as bupivacaine (22, R = n-Q [) to afford a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than bupivacaine alone. 

The extent to which these new tissue adhesives and hemostats will influence surgical procedures can be seen in the following analogy. An effective carpenter cannot create a masterpiece without a saw to cut wood, nails to ensure local fixation of separate pieces of wood, and glue to cause broad surface apposition between wood surfaces. Similarly, the surgeon presently uses a scalpel to cut and divide tissues as well as a suture to create local fixation of tissues, but until... 

Anesthesia Anesthesia is a loss of sensation or feeling. Anesthesia (or "anesthetics") is often used deliberately by doctors and dentists to block pain and other sensations during surgical procedures. Treatment for pre- or postoperative pain is called analgesia. 

Because of its acidity, phenol was known as carbolic acid when Joseph Lister introduced it as an antiseptic in 1865 to prevent postoperative bacterial infections that were then a life-threatening hazard in even minor surgical procedures. 

Anesthetic, general. A compound that, when given systemically, causes a reversible loss of consciousness sufficient to allow surgical procedures. 

Metallic devices have been used to repair and replace parts of the human body for centuries. Archaeological evidence clearly indicates that surgical procedures were performed in several ancient civilisations. The use of surgical metal implants in humans was first recorded in 1562 when a gold prosthesis was used to close a defect in a cleft palate. ... 

General anaesthetics are administered for many surgical procedures where the patient is likely to undergo a severely painful procedure, and complete unconsciousness and immobility is required for the surgety to be performed. The most commonly used volatile anaesthetics are halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane. Nitrous oxide is also commonly used, particularly during... 

Short surgical procedures with minimal painful stimuli... 

Etomidate (Amidate), a nonbarbiturate, is used for induction of anesthesia Etomidate also may be used to supplement other anesthetics, such as nitrous oxide, for short surgical procedures. It is a hypnotic without analgesic activity. 

Midazolam (Versed), a short-acting benzodiazepine CNS depressant, is used as a preanesthetic drug to relieve anxiety for induction of anesthesia for conscious sedation before minor procedures, such as endoscopic procedures and to supplement nitrous oxide and oxygen for short surgical procedures. When the drug is used for induction anesthesia, the patient gradually loses consciousness during a period of 1 to 2 minutes. 

Sevoflurane (Ultane) is an inhalational analgesic. It is used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in adult and pediatric patients for inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures. 

Ketamine (Ketalar) is a rapid-acting general anesthetic. It produces an anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, normal or enhanced skeletal muscle tone, and occasionally mild respiratory depression. Ketamine is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require relaxation of skeletal muscles, for induction of anesthesia before the administration of other anesthetic drugp, and as a supplement to other anesthetic drags. 

Prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis (DVT) and PE in certain patients undergoing surgical procedures, such as major abdominal surgery ... 

The drug is used cautiously during surgery. Metformin use is temporarily discontinued for surgical procedures. The drug therapy is restarted when the patient s oral intake has been resumed and renal function is normal. 

There is an increased risk of post-operative thromboembolic complications in women taking oral contraceptives Ifposs-bte, use of the drug is discontinued at least 4 weeks before a surgical procedure associated with thromboembolism or during prolonged immobilization. 

Duration ofcontact devices are considered transient if intended for continuous use for less than 60 minutes, short term if intended for continuous use for not more than 30 days, and long term if intended for continuous use for more than 30 days. Devices that are intended to be introduced into the body or to replace an epithelial surface or the surface of the eye by a surgical procedure for more than 30 days are considered as implants. 

Another widely used surgical procedure is knee replacement. In this operation the natural components of the knee joint are replaced with an artificial femoral component made of metal that interfaces with a tibial plateau made of ultra-high molar mass poly(ethylene). Implantation of these joints is becoming more widespread, though the demand for them is not as great as for hip replacement. 

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