Ketamine names

Ketamine is a cyclohexane human and veterinary injectable anesthetic that is also known by the slang names K, special K, vitamin K, and cat Valium (Bobo and Miller 2002). It is produced in a liquid form or as a white powder and is usually ingested orally or intranasally but is occasionally administered intramuscularly. Ketamine is a phencyclidine (PCP) analog that was first developed in 1962. 

Animal research has revealed that antagonists, such as ketamine, phencyclidine, and dizocilpine [MK-801], at the NMDA receptor channel complex are clearly anxiolytic in animal models of anxiety. Because of the risk of abuse with phencyclidine-related drugs, which are thought to act at a site within the channel itself, antagonists at another site associated with the NMDA receptor channel complex—namely, those that act at the glycine-modulatory site on the NMDA receptor—are believed to have promise in the development of future anxiolytics [Hamon 1994]. 

Calvin Stevens developed ketamine while working at Parke-Davis in 1961. It is used as a veterinary and human anesthetic, and is a Schedule 111 drug. It was widely used as a field anesthetic in the Vietnam War, and it entered the rave scene in the early 1990s. Ketamine has been used as a date rape drug. Street names include baby food, cat Valium, honey oil, jet, K, keets, ket, special K, super acid, super C, and vitamin K (Figure 10.1). Trade names are Ketalar , Ketajet , and Ketaset . 

Ketamine (see also page 29) Street Names Cat valium, green, honey oil, jet, ket, kit kat, purple, special K. special la coke, super acid, super c, vitamin K... 

Phencyclidine, PCP, or l-(l-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, is an arylcyclohexamine with structural similarities to ketamine. It is a lipophilic weak base with a pKa of 8.5. Phencyclidine was originally synthesized and marketed under the trade name Semyl by Parke-Davis for use as an intravenously administered anesthetic agent in humans. Distribution began in 1963 but was discontinued in 1965 due to a high incidence (10 to 20%) of post-operative delirium and psychoses. However, its use continued as a veterinary tranquilizer for large animals until 1978, when all manufacture was prohibited and PCP was placed in Schedule II of the federal Controlled Substances Act (1970). 

DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS Schedule I, hallucinogen OFFICIAL NAMES Ketamine hydrochloride (brand names include Ketaject, Ketaset and Ketalar)... 

Ketamine is chemically related to other dissociative anesthetics, including dextromethorphan (DXM), found in some over-the-counter cough syrups, and nitrous oxide (often called whippets ). Ketamine also shares a close chemical kinship to the prescriptives tiletamine and memantine. Tiletamine is used in combination with zolazepam as a veterinary anesthetic under the brand names Zoletic and Telazol. 

Common club drugs include other synthetic drugs MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine (Special K, vitamin K, Kit Kat, Keller, super acid, and super C), and Rohypnol (chemical name is flunitrazepam also known as roofies, forget pills, the drop drug, rope, LaRocha, ropies, Mexican valium, roachies, ruffles, wolfies, and rophies). 

The original name for ketamine was CI581. Its discovery is credited to Dr. Calvin Stevens of Wayne State University who isolated the compound in 1961. The pharmaceutical giant Parke-Davis funded its development as an alternative to the anesthetic phencyclidine or PCP. 

OFFICIAL NAMES Ketamine hydrochloride, Ketaject, Ketaset, and Ketalar. 

The chemical composition of ketamine hydrochloride is C13H16CINO. The formal name for the chemical is 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone hydrochloride. The chemical stmcture and effects of ketamine are similar to those of PCP, which it was developed to replace, but ketamine is much less potent and its effects are of much shorter duration. 

Ketamine belongs to the same family of drugs as dextromethorphan (DXM), which is found in some brands of over-the-counter cough symp nitrous oxide, better known as whippets, so named because of the metal whipped cream chargers the gas is commonly packaged in and phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust. 

Ketamine is sold to veterinary offices and hospitals in liquid form under the brand names Ketaject, Ketaset, and Ketalar. When properly administered as an anesthetic in a clinical setting, it is usually delivered by intramuscular injection, though small children and the elderly may receive oral doses. 

Phencyclidine has been favoured as an illicit drug of abuse for some 20 years, but such a use appears to have declined recently owing to the availability of relatively inexpensive cocaine. The drug has the street names of "PCP", "angel dust and "crystal". The structures of phencyclidine and ketamine are shown in Figure 15.7. 

The chemical agents used by those intent on rape are CHB, short for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid,321 which is a powerful muscle relaxant, ketamine,331 which is used as an anaesthetic, and flunitrazepam,341 which is better known by its trade name Rohypnol and is a powerful antidepressant. They have a variety of street names, such as liquid X, liquid E, and cherry meth for CHB, kit-kat and special K for ketamine, while Rohypnol pills are referred to as roofies, roachies, rope, and roche351 as well as more descriptive names such as circles, forget me pills, and lunch money. These three chemicals will cause a person to become dizzy and then completely unconscious, so much so that when they finally come round many hours later they may find it impossible to recall anything that has happened to them. This amnesia seems to be a permanent loss of memory although some of the victims have flashbacks in the days following the rape. 

Ketamine, more commonly known on the street as Special K and to the scientist as ketamine hydrochloride, is a unique drug with a combination of pharmacological effects. Although it is primarily used by veterinarians as an animal tranquilizer, it is available for limited uses in humans. Chemically, it is similar to phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust), a Schedule II drug that was the first of a new class of general anesthetics called dissociative anesthetics. As the name implies, dissociative anesthetics produce in patients a feeling of detachment and disconnection from pain and the environment. 

In 1962, chemists at Parke-Davis labs who were searching for a replacement for phencyclidine synthesized ketamine hydrochloride. In 1965, scientists learned that ketamine was a useful anesthetic. Marketed under the brand name Ketalar , it was a promising anesthetic because it suppressed breathing much less than most other available anesthetics did. Ketamine, like PCP, produces minimal cardiac and respiratory effects, and it wears off soon after administration.50... 

Figure 4.1 Ketamine has many names, both for the drug itself and for the experience of taking the drug. These are some of the most popular street terms for ketamine and its use.

Figure 4.3 Ketamine is sold for veterinary use in liquid form under the brand name Ketaset . Because drug abusers know ketamine is readily available in veterinary clinics, this may put animal health professionals at risk for attack or burglary by people who want to obtain the otherwise illegal drug.

Ketamine (street names special K, K, vitamin K, cat valiums). Ketamine is an injectable anesthetic that has been approved for both human and animal use in medical settings since 1970. Ketamine is produced in liquid form or as a white powder that is often snorted or smoked with... 

Known as special K, jet, green, and other names on the street, ketamine is sometimes injected, but can be evaporated to solid crystals, powdered, and smoked, snorted, or swallowed. Marijuana cigarettes are sometimes soaked in the ketamine solution, allowed to dry, and then smoked. Ketamine has become popular as a rave club drug. Side effects include signiflcant transient increases in blood pressure and heart rate, respiratory depression, airway obstruction, apnea, muscular hypertonia, psychomotor and psychotomimetic effects, and acute dystonic reactions. Following overdose, seizures, polyneuropathy, increased intracranial pressure, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest may occur. 

Ketamine [2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone] shares many pharmacological and clinical characteristics with PCP. Street names for ketamine include Jet, Kit-kat, Special K, Special LA Coke, Super C, and Vitamin K. ... 

Ketamine is a central-acting anesthetic and analgesic. It was developed by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis in 1962 in an effort to synthesize a drug with fewer side effects than phencyclidine and cyclohexamine. Ketamine was originally named C1581, and was patented in 1965 and sold under the trade name Ketalar. Ketamine was officially released for human use in 1970 and was used extensively during the Vietnam War [1]. 

Generic Name ketamine hydrochloride (for intranasal administration)... 

A commercial association of a benzodiazepine + one analog of ketamine (tiletamine) is available and often used in veterinary practice in France for small surgery and ERG recordings. It is named Zoletil N.D.used intravenously at the dosage of 5 mg/kg of tiletamine. It has a depressive effect on the respiration and induces excessive salivation that increase the effect of this depression. 

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