Psychological effect

Design of the physical environment (e.g., heat, noise, lighting), to minimize the negative physical and psychological effects of suboptimal conditions... 

The use of a drug produces both physical and psychological effects on an individual. 

Figure 23.1 The diagram shows the stages that may occur after administration of a non-medical drug. The details of each of the potential consequences are given in the text but note that whereas all drugs must have some psychological effect and so may trigger psychological ( ) dependence, physical dependence is only obvious with depressant drugs...

Conners, C.K. Psychological effects of stimulant drugs in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Pediatrics 49 702-708, 1972. 

Prevention or amelioration of disease complications including adverse psychological effects on the patient and caregivers or delay in developmental milestones... 

Many since the 16th century have also experienced that feeling of luxury and nobility , but we knew little more than did Abd-al-Kadir about the exact nature of or basis for the psychological effects of caffeine until a relatively few years ago — nearly the end of the 20th century. 

In addition to coffee and tea, the psychological effects of caffeine can be obtained from a number of other food sources. Chocolate is a popular and widely consumed source, but the drug is also found in considerable quantities in a number of medications, both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC). Caffeine tablets (e.g., No-Doz) are sold for those who use the drug to study, drive, or engage in other activities. Less obvious is the caffeine content in analgesics, cold preparations, and anorectants. 

As we noted earlier, caffeine affects not only arousal, but also other behavioral influences such as attentional focus. However, it now appears that these other effects may be secondary to the impact of the drug on arousal and that a multi-factorial model incorporating the inverted-U function may best describe that relationship. Most results in the literature to date are supportive of the biobehavioral model proposed here. However, research on the psychological effects of acute and habitual caffeine... 

Morgan, M.J., Ecstasy (MDMA) a review of its possible persistent psychological effects, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 152(3), 230-248, 2000. 

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