Cognitive effects

Historically ganglionic nAChR have been targets for treating hypertension. The discovery of a large family of nAChR subtypes in the CNS, coupled with observations that nicotine has anti-nociceptive, neuro-protective and cognitive effects, has led to the recognition that neuronal nAChR are potential targets... 

Other systems also interact with glutamate. Activation of L-type voltagegated calcium channels (VGCC) occurs with NMDA receptor activation. Lamotrigine blocks several ion channels, including P- and N-type VGCC channels, an action that blocks the euphoric effects of ketamine and reduces dysphoric and cognitive effects (Hundt et al. 1998). Other modulatory sites,... 

Barker MJ, Greenwood KM, Jackson M, et al Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use a meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 18 37M8, 2004... 

Parker LA, Gillies T THC-induced place and taste aversions in Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Neurosci 109 71-78, 1995 Pope HG, Yurgelun-Todd D The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA 275 521-327, 1996 Robson P Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids. BrJ Psychiatry 178 107-115, 2001... 

Allison WM, Jerrom DW Glue sniffing a pilot study of the cognitive effects of longterm use. Int J Addict 19 453 58, 1984... 

Side effects associated with benzodiazepines in PD patients are similar to those observed in other disorders. Sedation, fatigue, and cognitive impairment are the most commonly reported side effects.49 Benzodiazepines should be avoided in patients with current substance abuse, a history of such, dependence, or sleep apnea. Additionally, caution should be used in older adults because they have more pronounced psychomotor and cognitive effects. 

Interestingly enough, most of the studies reporting positive effects of caffeine in information-processing tasks have used primarily or exclusively male subjects.39 42 43 45 48 59 In fact the only study that found positive cognitive effects of caffeine on females employed fatigued females, whose baseline arousal levels may have been lower.41... 

Stein, M., Krasowski, M. Leventhal, B., Phillips, W. and Bender, B., Behavioral and cognitive effects of methylxanthines A meta-analysis of theophyliine and caffeine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150(3), 284-288, 1996. 

Hu H Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA Contribution of body lead stores in the development of adverse cognitive effects that accompany aging National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

Curran HV and Travill RA (1997). Mood and cognitive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA, ecstasy ) Weekend high followed by midweek low . Addiction, 92, 821-831. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes KA (2000). The dose dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 151, 416 123. 

Pope HG and Yurgelun-Todd D (1996). The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 521-527. 

Scholey AB and Kennedy DO (2002). Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax Ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers Differential interactions with cognitive demand. Human Psychopharmacology - Clinical and Experimental, 17, 35-44. 

Among the most sensitive endpoints (on a body burden basis) are endometriosis, developmental neurobehavioural (cognitive) effects, hearing loss, developmental reproductive effects (sperm counts, female urinogenital malformations) and immuno-toxic effects, both adult and developmental. The most sensitive biochemical effects are CYP1A1/2 induction, hepatic retionid depletion, EGF-receptor down-regulation and oxidative stress. 

Nicotinic receptors are widely distributed in the brain and are involved in a number of physiological processes. The prefrontal cortex is a major site for the cognitive effects of nicotine (Vidal 1996). Some of the cognitive benefits of nicotine may occur after chronic treatment, resulting in part from nicotinic receptor up-regulation in frontal, entorhinal, and dorsal hippocampal regions (Abdulla et al. 1996). Chronic nicotine treatment also increases the sensitivity of muscarinic receptors (Wang et al. 1996). 

Limited data are available on the pharmacokinetics of arecoline. Intravenously administered arecoline in subjects with Alzheimer s disease shows variation in the optimal dose (between 4 and 16 mg/day) due to differing plasma kinetics (Asthana et al. 1996). The mean plasma half-lives for these doses were 0.95 0.54 and 9.3 4.5 minutes, respectively. However, the mean plasma concentrations that optimized cognitive effects were 0.31 0.14 ng/ml. Drug clearance was 13.6 5.8 L/min and the volume of distribution was 205 170 L. 

Behavioral and cognitive effects Lobeline appears to be reinforcing in a similar manner to nicotine. Despite weak nicotinic effects, drug-naive animals will self-administer lobeline, as they would with other reinforc-... 

---