Industry Manufacturers

Example 13.1 Phthalic anhydride is an important intermediate for the plastics industry. Manufacture is by the controlled oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene. The most common route uses o-xylene via the reaction... 

This is the basis of the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid and is dealt with on p. 296.)... 

Most higher alcohols of commercial importance are primary alcohols secondary alcohols have more limited specialty uses. Detergent range alcohols are apt to be straight chain materials and are made either from natural fats and oils or by petrochemical processes. The plasticizer range alcohols are more likely to be branched chain materials and are made primarily by petrochemical processes. Whereas alcohols made from natural fats and oils are always linear, some petrochemical processes produce linear alcohols and others do not. Industrial manufacturing processes are discussed in Synthetic processes. 

Although catalytic hydration of ethylene oxide to maximize ethylene glycol production has been studied by a number of companies with numerous materials patented as catalysts, there has been no reported industrial manufacture of ethylene glycol via catalytic ethylene oxide hydrolysis. Studied catalysts include sulfonic acids, carboxyUc acids and salts, cation-exchange resins, acidic zeoHtes, haUdes, anion-exchange resins, metals, metal oxides, and metal salts (21—26). Carbon dioxide as a cocatalyst with many of the same materials has also received extensive study. 

Various inorganic, organic, and organometaUic compounds are known to cataly2e this polymerization (4,8,9). Among these, BCl is a very effective catalyst, although proprietary catalysts that signiftcandy lower polymerization temperature from the usual, sealed-tube reaction at 250°C are involved in the industrial manufacture of the polymer. A polycondensation process has also been developed for the synthesis of (4) (10—12). This involves elimination of phosphoryl chloride from a monomer prepared from (NH 2 04 and PCl. ... 

The manufacture of the highly pure ketene required for ketenization and acetylation reactions is based on the pyrolysis of diketene, a method which has been employed in industrial manufacture. Conversion of diketene to monomeric ketene is accompHshed on an industrial scale by passing diketene vapor through a tube heated to 350—600°C. Thus, a convenient and technically feasible process for producing ketene uncontaminated by methane, other hydrocarbons, and carbon oxides, is available. Based on the feasibiHty of this process, diketene can be considered a more stable form of the unstable ketene. 

Sheet Mica. Pockets of mica crystals ranging in size from a few square centimeters to several square meters are found in pegmatite sills and dikes or granodiorite (alaskite) ore bodies. In order to be used industrially, manufacturers must be able to cut a 6 cm pattern in the mica. "Books" of mica, ranging from 12.9 to 645 cm or more, are cut from the crystals. The books can be punched into various shapes and spHt into thicknesses varying from 0.0031 to 0.010 cm (12). The highest quaUty micas maybe used in aerospace computers, and those of lower quaUty find use as insulators in electrical apphances. 

C. H. Swanson, Statementfor the Health Industry Manufacturers Association, before the House Government Operations Subcommittee in Information, Justice, Transportation, and Agriculture, Washington, D.C., Oct. 5, 1994. 

The chemical industry manufactures a large number of antioxidants (qv) as well as uv stabilizers and their mixtures with other additives used to facilitate resin processing. These companies include American Cyanamid, BASE, Ciba—Geigy, Eastman Chemical, Elf Atochem, Enichem, General Electric, Hoechst—Celanese, Sandoz, and Uniroyal, among others. The combined market for these products in the United States exceeded 900 million in 1994 and will reach 1 billion in the year 2000. 

Crystallization Method. Such methods as mechanical separation, preferential crystallisation, and substitution crystallisation procedures are included in this category. The preferential crystallisation method is the most popular. The general procedure is to inoculate a saturated solution of the racemic mixture with a seed of the desired enantiomer. Resolutions by this method have been reported for histidine (43), glutamic acid (44), DOPA (45), threonine (46), A/-acetyl phenylalanine (47), and others. In the case of glutamic acid, the method had been used for industrial manufacture (48). 

Eight-Step Process for Having Best-in-the-Industry Manufacturing Capabilit... 

Experimentally it has been shown that both frictional bridging and whisker pullout play an important role in toughening industrially manufactured composites. Such investigations confirm that to maximize toughness via both mechanisms requires a high volume fraction of whiskers and a high composite modulus to whisker modulus ratio. For example, consider the effect of 20 vol % SiC whisker E = 500 GPa) reinforcement of various matrices on the toughness as presented in Table 7 (53). 

Until the late 1890s, coumarin was obtained commercially from only natural sources by extraction from tonka beans and deer tongue. Then synthetic methods of preparation and industrial manufacturing processes were discovered and developed starting principally from o-cresol, phenol, and sahcylaldehyde. Various methods can be used to obtain coumarin from each of these starting materials. 

A. A. Rosenblatt and J. E. Knapp, Health Industry Manufacturer s Association (HTMAJ Conference Proceedings, 1988, Washington, D.C., pp. 47—50. 

Petroleum refining and related industries Manufacture of paving and roofing materials Asphalt and tars, felts, paper, cloth, fiber... 

Batch process A treatment process in which a tank or reactor is filled, the wastewater (or solution) is treated or a chemical solution is prepared and the tank is emptied. The tank may then be filled and the process repeated. Batch processes are also used to cleanse, stabilize or condition chemical solutions for use in industrial manufacturing and treatment processes. 

The control of chemical reactions (e.g., esterification, sulfonation, nitration, alkylation, polymerization, oxidation, reduction, halogenation) and associated hazards are an essential aspect of chemical manufacture in the CPI. The industries manufacture nearly all their products, such as inorganic, organic, agricultural, polymers, and pharmaceuticals, through the control of reactive chemicals. The reactions that occur are generally without incident. Barton and Nolan [1] examined exothermic runaway incidents and found that the principal causes were ... 

It is in the second two of these cost components that, in relation to other materials, plastics can offer particular advantages. Fabrication costs include power, labour, consumables, etc and Table 1.10 shows that, in terms of the overall energy consumption, plastics come out much better than metals. Performance costs relate to servicing, warranty claims, etc. On this basis plastics can be very attractive to industries manufacturing consumer products because they can offer advantages such as colour fasmess, resilience, toughness, corrosion resistance and uniform quality - all features which help to ensure a reliable product. 

TABLE 11.4 Internal Heat Gains for Different Types of Industrial Manufacturing... 

NafXll — 2500(X) tpa (on a dry basis) u.sed mainly for household liquid bleach, laundries, disinfection of swimming pools, municipal water supplies and sewage, and the industrial manufacture of N2H4 and organic chemicals. 

The widest application of the refrigeration process is to provide cooling for air-conditioning. The majority of this is for personal comfort in hot climates or where heat is given off in enclosed spaces. There is an additional demand for industrial manufacturing processes where precise conditions of temperature, humidity and cleanliness are necessary. 

The industrial manufacture of copper phthalocyanine began in 1935 by ICI, which developed its production from phthalic anhydride, urea and metal salts. In 1936 and 1937. the I.G. Farbenindustrie and Du Pont followed, and the most important of the phthalocyanines. PcCu, is now produced worldwide. Due to its favorable properties such as light, chemical and... 

These large industrial manufacturers (paper mills, steel works, oil refineries, petrochemical facilities, etc.) tend to employ either high capacity (200,000-800,000 lb/hr) packaged D-type boilers, or field-erected, two-drum, single gas-pass industrial power boilers, which produce steam at up to 1,800 psig. 

A facility is an industrial manufacturer, operating 24 hours per day for 355 days per year. 

There are many process contaminants that may be inadvertently carried back with the condensate following either the purposeful injection of live steam into, say, an industrial manufacturing process or that can infiltrate the system due to a leaking heating coil, an open surge tank, or similar access point. 

Two successive stages in the industrial manufacture of sulfuric acid are the combustion of sulfur and the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. From the standard reaction enthalpies... 

The same dibutyltin compounds are used in the industrial manufacture of poly(urethane) foams, the first step in which involves the addition of a polyether glycol to 2,4-diisocyanotoluene, to produce the urethane prepolymer having isocyanate end-groups. 

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