Manufacturing-based industries

The manufacturer based on reasonable service life expectancy under specified operating conditions determine the pressure rating of a pump. It is important to note that there is no standard industry-wide safety factor in this rating. Operating at higher pressure may result in reduced pump life or damage that is more serious. 

Today, the scientific community can identify tiny trace amounts of chemicals in the environment. A quarter-century after Wallace Carothers introduced science-based industrial research to the United States, Clair Patterson adapted techniques developed for determining the age of the Earth to identify microtraces of global pollutants. Today scientists can analyze industrial contaminants in the parts per billion in 1991 when a university scientist discovered in the atmosphere a harmful, low-level contaminant produced by the manufacture of nylon, industry volunteered within weeks to change production methods. 

Cadmium (Cd) anode cells are at present manufactured based on nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and mercury-cadmium couples. Thus wastewater streams from cadmium-based battery industries carry toxic metals cadmium, nickel, silver, and mercury, of which Cd is regarded the most hazardous. It is estimated that globally, manufacturing activities add about 3-10 times more Cd to the atmosphere than from natural resources such as forest fire and volcanic emissions. As a matter of fact, some studies have shown that NiCd batteries contribute almost 80% of cadmium to the environment,4,23 while the atmosphere is contaminated when cadmium is smelted and released as vapor into the atmosphere4 Consequently, terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric environments become contaminated with cadmium and remain reservoirs for human cadmium poisoning. 

The IFPMA is a federation of member associations representing the research-based pharmaceutical industry and other manufacturers of prescription medicines in 56 countries throughout the world. The IFPMA has been closely associated with ICH since its inception to ensure contact with the research-based industry, outside the ICH regions. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, it serves as the ICH Secretariat. 

There are six parties directly involved in ICH as well as observers and the International Federation of Pharmaceufical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA see Table 25.1). The six parties are the founder members of ICH, and fhey represenf fhe regulatory bodies and the research-based industry in the European Union (EU), Japan, and the United States in the EU, the European Federation of Pharmaceufical Indusfries and Associations (EFPIA) and the Ministry of Healfh, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan, the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA) and in the United States, the FDA and the Pharmaceutical Researchers and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). 

MEK also is used as the solvent in lube oil dewaxing, wood pulping, and toluene (see Chapter 3), and in the manufacture.of printing ink and rubber-based industrial cements. 

Recombinant DNA technology was applied lu the problem the first time a lew decades ago. One group has been successful in inducing the bacterium Eschetirhiu mli to manufacture and secrete rat proinsulin. an immediate precursor of rat insulin that incorporates insulin itself. Research like this is an important step toward the objective of developing bacterium-based industrial systems that can replace animal and human tissues us the source of medically useful proteins, such as insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor... 

Clark, J.H., Green Chemistry for the Second Generation Biorefinery - Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing Based on Biomass, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82, 603-609 (2007). de Jong, E., R. van Ree, R. van Tuil and W. Elbersen, Biorefineries for the Chemical Industry - A Dutch Point of View, in Biorefineries - Biobased Industrial Processes and Products. Status Quo and Future Directions, B. Kamm, M. Kamm, and P. Gruber (Eds), Wiley-VCH, (2006). 

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