Chemical industry Manufacturers

The chemical industry manufactures a large number of antioxidants (qv) as well as uv stabilizers and their mixtures with other additives used to facilitate resin processing. These companies include American Cyanamid, BASE, Ciba—Geigy, Eastman Chemical, Elf Atochem, Enichem, General Electric, Hoechst—Celanese, Sandoz, and Uniroyal, among others. The combined market for these products in the United States exceeded 900 million in 1994 and will reach 1 billion in the year 2000. 

Carotenoids are also present in animal products such as eggs, lobsters, greyflsh, and various types of hsh. In higher plants, they occur in photosynthetic tissues and choloroplasts where their color is masked by that of the more predominant green chlorophyll. The best known are P-carotene and lycopene but others are also used as food colorants a-carotene, y-carotene, bixin, norbixin, capsanthin, lycopene, and P-apo-8 -carotenal, the ethyl ester of P-apo-8-carotenic acid. These are Upid-soluble compounds, but the chemical industry manufactures water-dispersible preparations by formulating coUoid suspensions by emulsifying the carotenoids or by dispersing them in appropriate colloids. ... 

The chemical industry manufactures and supplies the citizen of the world with thousands of chemicals essential to daily life. The industry product portfolio ranges, for example, from epoxy resins designed for paints protecting concrete or metal, to membranes for water purihcation or pharmaceuticals protecting human life. 

Source of Heat Industrial furnaces are either fuel-fired or electric, and the first decision that a prospective furnace user must make is between these two. Although electric furnaces are uniquely suited to a few appheations in the chemical industry (manufacture of silicon carbide, calcium carbide, and graphite, for example), their principal use is in the metallurgical and metal-treatment industries. In most cases the choice between electric and fuel-fired is economic or custom-dictated, because most tasks that can be done in one can be done equally well in the other. Except for an occasional passing reference, electric furnaces will not be considered further here. The interested reader will find useful reviews of them in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th ed., vol. 12, articles by Cotchen, Sommer, and Walton, pp. 228-265, Wiley, New York, 1994) and in Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers (9th ed., article by Lewis, pp. 7.59-7.68, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987). 

The chemical industry is actually a set of related industries with many diverse functions and products. Certain raw materials are used to prepare key chemicals, monomers, and intermediates that may be sold independently or used directly in additional steps to give various polymers and end chemicals. These in turn can be formulated and fabricated into chemical products, which can sometimes be modified into finished products. There is a flow of materials and products from raw sources to finished formulations. Although the division is approximate, about 60% of the chemical industry manufactures industrial products that are further modified, whereas 40% of their products are sold directly to the consumer. Chemistry may not be a household word, but it should be. Actually, the older name for the Chemical Manufacturing sector is Chemicals and Allied Products, still used sometimes and a term that adequately describes the breadth of the industry. 

The chemical industry manufacturers a large variety of semiciystalline ethylene copolymers containing small amounts of or-olefins. These copolymers are produced in catalytic polymerization reactions and have densities lower than those of ethylene homopolymers known as high density polyethylene (HDPE). Ethylene copolymers produced in catalytic polymerization reactions are usually described as linear ethylene polymers, to distinguish them from ethylene polymers containing long branches which are produced in radical polymerization reactions at high pressures. 

In the early days of the chemical industry, manufacturers were reluctant to set up laboratories, but towards the end of the nineteenth century firms started to build laboratories both for analysis and research.280281 Analysis also played a role in the development of the laboratory in the early pharmaceutical industry.282 The history and development of the analytical and quality control laboratories at the Merck company in Darmstadt has been examined.283 The changing role of the chemist in the British alkali industry has also been investigated.284,285... 

Pretreatment requirements for indirect discharges into POTWs must meet pretreatment requirements as set forth in 40 CFR 403.6 National Pretreatment Standards Categorical Standards. Effluent guidelines for direct discharges and pretreatment standards for specific chemical industry manufacturers and users are listed in the Code of Federal Regulations as follows ... 

Marc Brammer is Senior Research Analyst with Innovest Strategic Value Advisors in New York. Mr. Brammer covers companies in the specialty chemicals, industrial manufacturing, and automotive sectors and has researched a number of reports on corporate accountability and environmental policy. He holds a Masters degree in Political Theory from the Graduate Faculty of the New School University. 

The manufacture of pharmaceutical chemicals in some ways resembles a scaled-up version of the organic chemical syntheses carried out in the laboratory and, in others, a scaled down version of the processes used in the heavy chemicals industry. The heavy chemicals industry manufactures commodity chemicals that are largely undifferentiated and have to be sold at the ruling market price. The individual company, having little control over prices, is therefore preoccupied with reducing costs. A major source of cost reduction is economies of scale, and those in turn are related to the use of continuous rather than batch processes. The former are well-nigh universal in the heavy chemicals sector. 

Jules Backman, The Economics of the Chemical Industry. Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, DC, 1970. Valuable for the historical perspective and analysis of the chemical business the statistics are out of date, however. 

An undetermined amount of secondary exposure of occupational origin is caused to the general public. Occupational exposure to these compounds can be expected in the following industrial activities the agriculture, rubber, and plastics industry the chemical industry manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and hygiene products for consumers metalwork and the assembly of instruments and equipment and dry-cleaning. 

MCA Safety and Fire Protection Committee, Case Histories of Accidents in the Chemical Industry, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1962, pp. 1-190. 

Now that the chemical industry manufactures, i.e., synthesizes, larger starting material molecules from petroleum and plant matter, the synthesis routes from these to target molecules are much shorter. This in turn implies diat a catalog of these thousands of available starting materials must be provided to the generation process, so that the computer will know when to stop, as it works backwards from the target. 

Statistics Canada. 1960-1980. Miscellaneous Chemical Industries. Manufacturing and Primary Industries, Catalogue 46-216. Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada. 

Statistics Canada. 1982. Miscellaneous chemical industries. Manufacturing and primary industries. Ministry of Supplies and Services, Ottawa, Canada. 

I he chemical industry manufactures a very large number of products for different uses. In industrial parlance, the products are often classified under different categories such as polymers and resins, fine chemicals, flavors and fragrances, and pharmaceutical intermediates. Some of these such as plastics are produced in millions of tons, while some others less than a few tons per year. As we will see, homogeneous catalysis plays an important role at both these extremes. 

The chemical industry manufactures a very large number (-30,000) of products through a variety of processes using fossil fuel as the source of carbon. The future of the chemical industry will be greatly influenced by three main environment-related issues. First, many chemicals and commonly used organic solvents are toxic and hazardous and may have a long-term detrimental effect on the environment. Consequently, minimum use or total avoidance of such chemicals is desirable. The use of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) as solvents, for example, must be minimized or avoided wherever possible. 

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