Manufacturing and Industrial Standards

A Pressure Relief Device (not shown) is required by NFPA 86 (sect. 4-4.3.12) whenever it is possible to have an event leading to an oxygen supply pressure that is greater than the MAWP (maximum allowable working pressure) of any of the components or piping within the oxygen pipeline. The pressure relief device must be sized properly per manufacturer and industry standards. The outlet of the pressure relief device must be piped to a safe location per NFPA 86 (sect. 4-4.3.7). 

The administration sided with the off-road vehicle industry on air pollution standards, on noise pollution standards, and in giving the vehicles continued access to environmentally sensitive areas in national forests and wilderness areas, ignoring scientific opinions inside and outside government on the damage the vehicles cause, fie also sided with snowmobile manufacturers and industry groups in overruling the National Park Service s scientists and three sepa-... 

Not operating the crane in accordance with the manufacturer s specifications and industry standards and... 

Transfer lines and flexible hoses must be of materials suitable for the product being unloaded, as recommended by the compressed gas manufacturer or industry standards. Plugging or capping the ends of the lines when not in use will prevent the accumulation of moisture and dirt. In the vicinity... 

There are many methods recommended by adhesive manufacturers, government specifications, and industry standards. Some of these are currently under review because of growing ecological concern and legislation relating to the impact of industrial chemicals on the environment. Many surface preparation methods involve the use of aggressive chemicals which, if not stored, handled and disposed of properly, can be hazardous to operatives and the environment. Extreme care must be taken in the use of all chemicals. Health and safety notices and regulations must be strictly adhered to. 

A preventive maintenance schedule is implemented for areas where it is most needed it is followed under normal circumstances. Manufacturers and industry recommendations and consensus standards for maintenance frequency are complied with. Breakdown repairs for safety related items are expedited. Safety device checks are documented. Ventilation system function is observed periodically. ... 

The earliest commercially available filters were manufactured in two pore sizes 0.45 and 0.8 pm. The 0.45 pm-rated membranes were considered to be stefilizing-grade filters and were successfully used in the sterile filtration of pharmaceuticals and parenterals. The membrane filters were qualified using Serratia marcescens a standard bacterium, having dimensions of 0.6 x 1 pm. However, in the late 1960s it became apparent that the matrix of the 0.45 pm-rated filters could be penetrated by some pseudomonad-like organisms (1). For sterile filtration apphcations in the 1990s, 0.2 pm-rated membranes are the industry standard in the manufacture of sterile parenterals and pharmaceuticals. 

Clean Air Act and its amendments ia 1970, 1977, and 1990 1967 Air Quahty Standards and National Air Pollution Acts and 1970 National Environmental PoHcy Act) (2) better waste disposal practices (1965 SoHd Waste Disposal Act 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) (see Wastes, industrial Waste treatment, hazardous wastes) (i) reduced noise levels (1972 Noise Control Act) (4) improved control of the manufacture and use of toxic materials (1976 Toxic Substances Control Act) and (5) assignment of responsibiUty to manufacturers for product safety (1972 Consumer Product Safety Act) (15,16). 

Di-2-EthylhexylPhthalate. In Western Europe, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate [117-81-7] (DEHP), also known as dioctyl phthalate (DOP), accounts for about 50% of all plasticizer usage and as such is generally considered as the industry standard. The reason for this is that it is in the mid-range of plasticizer properties. DEHP (or DOP) is the phthalate ester of 2-ethyIhexanol, which is normally manufactured by the dimerization of butyraldehyde (eq. 2), the butyraldehyde itself being synthesized from propylene (see Butyraldehydes). 

Fats and oils are treated as commodities in the open market and are purchased in bulk. As commodities, their prices fluctuate with supply and demand. Furthermore, fats and oils come in different grades that reflect different levels of processing and have industry-standardized specifications such as the American Fats and Oil Association. In the manufacture of soap in the United States, the source of animal fats is domestic whereas the vegetable oils are frequently obtained from Southeast Asia, primarily Malaysia and the Philippines. 

Fluid Specifications. The performance characteristics of all antifreeze solutions are governed by fluid specifications, that have been developed over the years by industry standards committees, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Additionally, most engine and/or cooling system manufacturers have thek own compositional specifications to which the fluids must conform. 

The biotechnology (qv) industry has no formal standards for equipment manufacture and quality control as of this writing. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) set up a task force in 1989, for developing relevant standards for biotechnology equipment. 

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