Subject industrial manufacture

Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate can be released to the environment in waste stream emissions from sites of industrial manufacture and use. Toxic Release Inventory reports to the United States Environmental Protection Agency before at least the mid-1990s were subject to serious overestimation of the releases to the environment, because of errors in the way that the figures were calculated by industry. Within the European Union, total emissions from production sites in 1996 were about 43 kg and emissions from processing plants in the same year were about 7100 kg (European Union, 1999). 

Iodine has been a subject of manufacturing Industry tract from it the iodine and other salts, For this ... 

Current environmental regulations necessitate that new concepts be used in the design of industrial cooling water systems. Equipment selection and component layout related to these regulations are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the power requirements needed for the system. The subject matter for this paper was developed from observations of rubber industry manufacturing operations. 

Regulatory levels of exposure to various chemicals, among them solvents and benzene, have been a subject for constant pressure from industry manufacturers on one hand, regulatory agencies, health care, and patients on the other hand. The most common question asked is Is there a safe level of exposure to benzene The answer to that question has been given by the American Petroleum Institute in their paper on benzene, 1948, and their statement... 

An example of what can happen with raw materials that are insufficiently controlled by foreign authorities occurred in China with heparin. The raw material was intentionally adulterated with over-sulfated chondroi-tin sulfate (OSCS). Heparin injections prepared from this raw material in the United States have led to severe hypersensitivity reactions in patients [8]. The Ph. Eur. monograph has been revised with a test to detect this impurity, on recommendation of the EMA/CHMP assessment report about this topic [9]. In June 2013 the FDA issued a Note for Guidance for Industry about this subject to manufacturers taking steps to ensure that the heparin supply chain is not contaminated with OSCS [10]. 

GACP, GMP and GLP standards. During the industrial manufacturing of herbal medicinal products not only the raw material is subject to rigid quality control, but also the quality of the semi-manufactured and finished product is monitored (in-process controls) and evaluated (end controls on content, identity, purity). Finally a pharmaceutical dosage form should comply with the applicable pharmacopoeial standards (e.g., crush strength of tablets, disintegration time of tablets and capsules, uniformity of mass and content [11-13]). 

The test is widely used by all industries manufacturing rubber or elastomer goods subjected, when in use, to repeated bending, such as shoes, tyres, and conveyor belts. 

Most industrial products must conform in quality to national material standards set by industry agreements. A primary source of instructional text standards is in the ASTM Annual Book of Standards. This is actually a 70-volume set of books (for 1994). Each book is a section on certain types of materials (61). ASTM also sells companion books on standards of specific materials (62). Members of ASTM, who author the standards, include people from industry (manufacturers), the government (regulators), and others who are interested in the quality of a product or service (consumers). Spectral methods and standard practices about color are published annually and will be published in 1994 in Section 16 (63). Previously, color and appearance subjects were encompassed in Section 14, titled General Methods and Instrumentation. ... 

Batch control refers to the automated process control of batch manufacturing. Batch automation is the discipline of industrial manufacturing that processes a given quantity of material by subjecting it to an ordered set of processing instructions over a finite period of... 

As early as October 1875 the Alsatian chemist Daniel-Auguste Rosenstiehl had started his own investigation on this subject. He reported his results on 27 October 1875 and 29 March 1876 to the Societe industrielle de Mulhouse, but could not establish a production process that brought all the chemicals together in solution, a necessary precondition for industrial manufacture. Caro probably knew of Rosenstiehl s work, although he never admitted it, and eventually succeeded in inventing a wet-process manufacturing procedure after extensive trials with several nitration methods and solvents. Ironically he filed a pli cachete for this reaction with the Societe industrielle de Mulhouse on 22 March 1876, shortly before Rosenstiehl published his second contribution on this subject in the journal of the society. 

The trend toward individualized products and shorter product life cycles, which is expected to be accelerated by the subject Industrie 4.0 enforces companies to improve the performance of product ramp-up projects. Similarly to many other industries, IC manufacturers have to deal with shortening product life cycles and an increasing number of new products in their production lines (Kurttila et al. 2010 Fransoo and de Kok 2007). As a consequence, product ramp-up projects have to be better predictable with respect to their costs and durations, but also concerning the achieved yield. Moreover, costs and duration of ramp-up projects have to be minimized while the achieved yield has to be maximized. 

The potential advantages of LPG concern essentially the environmental aspects. LPG s are simple mixtures of 3- and 4-carbon-atom hydrocarbons with few contaminants (very low sulfur content). LPG s contain no noxious additives such as lead and their exhaust emissions have little or no toxicity because aromatics are absent. This type of fuel also benefits often enough from a lower taxation. In spite of that, the use of LPG motor fuel remains static in France, if not on a slightly downward trend. There are several reasons for this situation little interest from automobile manufacturers, reluctance on the part of automobile customers, competition in the refining industry for other uses of and fractions, (alkylation, etherification, direct addition into the gasoline pool). However, in 1993 this subject seems to have received more interest (Hublin et al., 1993). 

The material of this chapter and, for that matter, of the two preceding chapters has wide applicability in the area of technology and manufacture. To do justice to this facet of the subject would require a book in itself, so we must settle for a few paragraphs concerned with industrial applications. 

Coke oven light oil is a by-product of the manufacture of coke for the steel industry. When coal is subjected to high temperature carbonization, it yields 16—25 Hters /tonne of light oil that contains 3—6 vol % of mixed xylenes. 

Many enzymes have been the subject of protein engineering studies, including several that are important in medicine and industry, eg, lysozyme, trypsin, and cytochrome P450. SubtiHsin, a bacterial serine protease used in detergents, foods, and the manufacture of leather goods, has been particularly well studied (68). This emphasis is in part owing to the wealth of stmctural and mechanistic information that is available for this enzyme. 

Pha.se-Tra.nsfer Ca.ta.lysts, Many quaternaries have been used as phase-transfer catalysts. A phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) increases the rate of reaction between reactants in different solvent phases. Usually, water is one phase and a water-iminiscible organic solvent is the other. An extensive amount has been pubHshed on the subject of phase-transfer catalysts (233). Both the industrial appHcations in commercial manufacturing processes (243) and their synthesis (244) have been reviewed. Common quaternaries employed as phase-transfer agents include benzyltriethylammonium chloride [56-37-17, tetrabutylammonium bromide [1643-19-2] tributylmethylammonium chloride [56375-79-2] and hexadecylpyridinium chloride [123-03-5]. 

---