Industrial processes steel manufacture

Iron(II) sulphate is a by-product in many industrial processes, such as the manufacture of titanium dioxide, the pickling of steel sheet before galvanising and the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to amines using iron catalysts. Conversion of waste iron (II) salts to usable iron oxide pigments, where the quality requirements are not too stringent, is therefore a useful proposition, since it uses up chemicals that would otherwise be regarded as waste products. 

The cooling tower, which is an efficient air scrubber can easily become a catchall for contaminants resulting from the location of the tower or from the industrial process. In arid areas, ingress of sand contributes to fouling, which reduces efficiency and contributes to biofilm and under-deposit corrosion. In coastal areas, sand laden with chlorides can cause corrosion of stainless steel components and impair chemical corrosion inhibitor performance. Heavy industries, such as steel or aluminum manufacture, produce severely contaminated cooling water resulting from direct contact with metal slags and lubricants. 

Manufactured in greater amounts than any other chemical, sulfuric acid is usually produced by the contact process, which is described in Chapter 3. About 60% of the sulfuric acid manufactured in the United States is used to produce fertilizers from phosphate rock (see Section 19.3). The other 40% is used in lead storage batteries, in petroleum refining, in steel manufacturing, and for various other purposes in the chemical industry. 

Chemical oxidation of phenols has found application to date only on dilute waste streams. Potassium permanganate, one of the oxidants used, is reduced to manganese dioxide (Mn02), which is a filterable solid. Chlorine gas is not frequently used because of the high potential for chlorophenol formation. An ozonation process for oxidation of phenols is currently practiced in the iron and steel manufacturing industry. 

Steam reforming is the principle process for carbon monoxide and hydrogen production. Steam reforming process is applied for several industrial applications to provide the necessary amount of the synthesis gas. Those industries such as oil refineries, iron and steel manufacturing, methanol and ammonia synthesis, and other several petrochemical industries. The future demand for synthesis gas utilization will increase especially when methanol is used as a combustible fuel in large scale and when compact fuel-cells is used in wider applications. 

---