Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

Some of the data issued by the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, will be of interest to those concerned with statistics of the plastics industry. In the Census of Manufactures—1947 there is a section on industrial organic chemicals 22) and one on plastics products miscellaneous manufactures 23). Each section is available as a separate publication. The former includes statistics on the plastics materials industry while the latter concerns the plastics products industry. Presented in each section are data on employment, pay rolls, value added by manufacture, value of shipments, cost of raw materials, expenditures for plants and equipment, and other categories. The next complete census of manufactures will be made in 1954 to cover 1953. An annual survey is published 25) j but the information is not nearly as comprehensive as that in the Census of Manufactures. ... 

Statistics Canada. 1960-1980. Miscellaneous Chemical Industries. Manufacturing and Primary Industries, Catalogue 46-216. Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada. 

Statistics Canada. 1982. Miscellaneous chemical industries. Manufacturing and primary industries. Ministry of Supplies and Services, Ottawa, Canada. 

Miscellaneous plastics products which also includes other plastic manufacturing industries such as extrusion, is the 4 largest manufacturing industry in the US. In 2001, it was estimated that there were 21,000 operating plastics industry establishments in the US, generating approximately 321 billion in shipments. If upstream, supplying industries are also included, this total annual shipment is nearly 409 billion. The smaller UK plastics sector by comparison is worth 18 billion annually. 

In a comprehensive study of trichloroethylene emission sources from industry conducted for EPA, the major source was degreasing operations, which eventually release most of the trichloroethylene used in this application to the atmosphere (EPA 1985e). Degreasing operations represented the largest source category of trichloroethylene emissions in 1983, accounting for about 91% of total trichloroethylene emissions. Other emission sources include relatively minor releases from trichloroethylene manufacture, manufacture of other chemicals (similar chlorinated hydrocarbons and polyvinyl chloride), and solvent evaporation losses from adhesives, paints, coatings, and miscellaneous uses. 

Domestic consumption of selenium in 1981 exceeded 453,000 kg. About 50% was used in electronic and copier components, 22% in glass manufacturing, 20% in chemicals and pigments, and 8% miscellaneous (Cleveland et al. 1993). In 1987, world production of selenium was about 1.4 million kg (USPHS 1996). In 1986, 46% of the global selenium produced was used in the semiconductor and photoelectric industries 27% in the glass industry to counter coloration impurities from iron 14% in pigments and 13% in medicine, in antidandruff shampoos, as catalysts in... 

Table 3.3 gives the total uses of hydrogen. Ammonia production is by far the most important application, followed by methanol manufacture. Hydrogenations in petroleum refineries are an important use. Many other industries utilize hydrogen. Miscellaneous uses include hydrogenation of fats and oils in the food industry, reduction of the oxides of metals to the free metals, pure hydrogen chloride manufacture, and liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel. 

Table 6.2 shows the important applications of sodium hydroxide. Direct applications can be further broken down into pulp and paper (24%), soaps and detergents (10%), alumina (6%), petroleum (7%), textiles (5%), water treatment (5%), and miscellaneous (43%). Organic chemicals manufactured with sodium hydroxide are propylene oxide (23%), polycarbonate (5%), ethyleneamines (3%), epoxy resins (3%), and miscellaneous (66%). Inorganic chemicals manufactured are sodium and calcium hypochlorite (24%), sodium cyanide (10%), sulfur compounds (14%), and miscellaneous (52%). As you can see from the number of applications listed, and still the high percentages of miscellaneous uses, sodium hydroxide has a very diverse use profile. It is the chief industrial alkali. 

Miscellaneous physical chemical measurements, some quite empirical, are of great importance to the petroleum industry because they are used for control in manufacture and are included in customer s specifications. Macro methods are of course available, but occasionally the sample is too small and this is frequently the case when the problem is particularly important. Micro modifications of these macro methods have often proved extremely helpful. Microchemistry is not a fad but it is not a panacea either. It should be employed where it is necessary, as where the sample is very small or where it offers a definite and substantial advantage in accuracy, precision, or economy of time or materials. If in a particular case it offers none of these advantages there is no good reason to employ it. 

The total U.S. annual release of silver to land from production processes and consumptive uses in 1978 was estimated at 1.01 million kg (Scow et al. 1981). Of this amount, an estimated 630,000 kg were released from the photographic industry (in manufacture and developing), 165,000 kg from metals production, 150,000 kg from uses in electrical contacts and conductors, 60,000 kg from uses in brazing alloys and solders, and the remainder from miscellaneous uses. An additional 370,000 to... 

The demand for nitrogen in a chemically fixed form (as opposed to elemental nitrogen gas) drives a huge international industry that encompasses the production of seven key chemical nitrogen products ammonia, urea, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, nitrogen solutions, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphates. Such nitrogen products had a total worldwide annual commercial value of about US 50 billion in 1996. The cornerstone of this industry is ammonia. Virtually all ammonia is produced in anhydrous form via the Haber process (as described in Chapter 2). Anhydrous ammonia is the basic raw material in a host of applications and in the manufacture of fertilizers, livestock feeds, commercial and military explosives, polymer intermediates, and miscellaneous chemicals35. 

Recent estimates of the atmospheric loading rate of acrolein from sources in the United States were not located. Anderson (1983) estimated the total loading rate of acrolein in 1978 to be 91,450 pounds from facilities involved in its production and use as a chemical intermediate. Loading rates from various industrial sources were as follows acrylic acid manufacturers, 15,175 pounds refined acrolein and glycerin manufacturers, 55,660 pounds methionine manufacturers, 18,150 pounds and miscellaneous intermediate uses, 2420 pounds. These loading rates were based on a total production volume of 350 million pounds for acrolein in 1978, with 87% of this volume consumed in the production of acrylic acid and its derivatives. 

Sulfates of sodium are industrially important materials commonly sold in three forms (Table 1). In the period from 1970 to 1981, > 1 million metric tons were consumed annually in the United States. Since then, demand has declined. In 1988 consumption dropped to 890,000 t, and in 1994 to 610,000 t (1,2). Sodium sulfate is used principally (40%) in the soap (qv) and detergent industries. Pulp and paper manufacturers consume 25%, textiles 19%, glass 5%, and miscellaneous industries consume 11% (3). About half of all sodium sulfate produced is a synthetic by-product of rayon, dichromate, phenol (qv), or potash (see Chromium compounds Fibers, regenerated cellulosics Potassium compounds). Sodium sulfate made as a by-product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirahilite, thenardite, or naturally occurring brine is called natural sodium sulfate. In 1994, about 300,000 t of sodium sulfate were produced as a by-product another 300,000 t were produced from natural sodium sulfate deposits (4). 

In the old classification, many chemical patents appear under F, Miscellaneous Industries, Class 40 being entitled 40. Salt industry manufacture of chemicals, and under K, Manufacture of scientific and technical apparatus etc.. Class 59 being entitled 59. Physical, chemical, and electrolytic apparatus, etc. ... 

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