Process/manufacturing industries techniques

High level structured brainstorming technique that originated from the process/manufacturing industry. 

The task of developing a suitable catalyst for commercial applications involves many considerations, ranging from obvious factors like catalyst activity and selectivity to variables like the catalyst shape and the composition of the binder used in a pelletizing process. This section is devoted to a discussion of these considerations and of the techniques involved in manufacturing industrial catalysts. 

Implementing this level of automation intelligence has been the most difficult to realize within manufacturing industries. That is, while automation controls integration of simple univariate instruments (e.g., a hlter photometer) is seamless, it is much more problematic for multivariate or spectral instruments. This is due to the tower of babble problem with various process spectroscopic instraments across process instrument manufactures. That is, the communications protocols, wavelength units and hie formats are far from standardized across spectral instruments, even within a particular class of techniques such as vibrational spectroscopy. Several information technology (IT) and automation companies have recently attempted to develop commercialized solutions to address this complex problem, but the effectiveness of these solutions has yet to be determined and reported. 

Raman spectroscopy has its main strength in the combination of a fairly high chemical selectivity and a true remote sensing capability. In comparison, NIR has been used extensively in the manufacturing industry due to its ruggedness and simplicity with respect to interfacing of probes to process vessels. However, due to fairly poor spectral selectivity it has to be paired with multivariate data evaluation and is thus sometimes considered as a black box technique. Mid-IR, on the other hand, offers a high selectivity and is also well established... 

Chemical vapor deposition is not restricted to the microelectronics industry. It is the key process in the fabrication of optical fibers where it enables grading of the refractive index as a function of the radial position in the fiber (JO. In the manufacturing industry the technique provides coatings with special properties such as high hardness, low friction, and high corrosion resistance. Examples of CVD reactions and processes are given in Table 1. 

In the manufacture of excipients, environmental conditions, equipment and operational techniques employed reflect the chemical industry rather than the finished drug manufacturing industry. Many chemical processes are performed in closed... 

The recent trend towards total quality management (TQM) has generated a great deal of interest in statistical process control (SPC). This technique has been applied with good success in the discrete parts manufacturing industries. In the chemical process industries experience has been mixed, partly because of misunderstandings about its applicability to chemical processes and its interrelation to conventional process control. 

The object of this book is to outline the more important aspects of crystallization theory and practice, together with some closely allied topics. The book is intended to serve process chemists and engineers, and it should prove of interest to students of chemical engineering and chemical technology. While many of the techniques and operations have been described with reference to specific processes or industries, an attempt has been made to treat the subject matter in as general a manner as possible in order to emphasize the unit operational nature of crystallization. Particular attention has been paid to the newer and more recently developed processing methods, even where these have not as yet proved adaptable to the large-scale manufacture of crystals. 

When disaggregating by industry sector and groupings it is clear that most sectors follow these broad patterns, but there are one or two anomalies. Thus, the Process/Combined grouping stands out as the one sector that places internal barriers (50%) over tool and technique inadequacy (39%) as the major cause of failure. This grouping also stands out as the one that places unrealistic expectations ahead of all of the other internal barriers. When it comes to internal barriers the Process/Manufacturing and the Project/Combined sectors both place culture (40% and 32% respectively) as the major barrier ahead of insufficient resource (28% and 15 respectively). 

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