Herbicides manufacturing industry

Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) are nonionic surfactants that are used in the manufacturing of plastics, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, herbicides, and industrial detergent formulations. Alkylphenols such as nonylphenol (NP) are the products of... 

From the practical point of view, the most important group of i-triazine herbicides is the 2-chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)- -triazines (3). These symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted derivatives are manufactured industrially from cyanuric chloride and the corresponding alkyl amines by a single-step synthesis according to the following reaction scheme ... 

Two studies have reported malignant lymphoma mortality for the chemical manufacturing Industry (Table IV). Lynge ( ), in a study of cancer Incidence in a cohort of 4,459 persons who had been Involved in phenoxy herbicide manufacture in Denmark, found 7 cases of malignant lymphoma among males, whereas 5.4 would have been expected (RR-1.30 95% Cl 0.52-2.69). None of the 7 cases were recorded as having participated in the manufacture or packaging of phenoxy herbicides. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in organic synthesis used in the manufacture of carbamate insecticides and herbicides an industrial accident during the manufacture of carbaryl in Bhopal, India in December 1984 resulted in the release of an unknown amount of methyl isocyanate into the atmosphere, leading to the deaths of over two thousand people. 

The CWC has a wide scope, defining chemical weapons as munitions or other devices, specifically designed to cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals (but not plants). It thereby encompasses past, known and possible chemical warfare agents, including toxins such as ricin and saxitoxin, and refers, in its preamble, to the principles of international law which prohibit the use of herbicides as a method of warfare. It divides these chemicals and many of their precursors into three categories known as schedules. In Schedule 1, it effectively bans 12 groups of chemicals from manufacturing industry and commerce,... 

The oxidation of phenols to catechols or hydroquinones by tyrosinase enzymes has been developed for biocatalysis. For example, the ortho-hydroxylation of L-tyrosine 162 (and also substituted variants) to give l-DOPA 163 has been extensively studied due to the importance of l-DOPA in the treatment of Parkinson s disease [92, 93]. An arene hydroxy lating enzyme having a broad substrate scope is 2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas azelaica, which is able to oxidize many ortho-substituted phenols 68 to the corresponding catechols 127 [94], as shown in Scheme 32.19. A notable example of an industrial biocatalytic arene hydroxylation that has been employed on very large scale (lOOm fermentation) is the pora-hydroxylation of R)-2-phenoxypropionic acid 164 by whole cells of Beauveria bassiana Lu 700 to give (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid 165, an important intermediate in herbicide manufacture [95]. 

Major industrial uses for chloroacetic acid are in the manufacture of cellulose ethers (mainly carboxymethylceUulose, CMC), herbicides, and thioglycolic acid. Other industrial uses include manufacture of glycine, amphoteric surfactants, and cyanoacetic acid. 

Methyl acetoacetate (MAA) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are the most widely used esters they are found ia the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and allied industries. Both esters are used extensively as amine protecting agents ia the manufacture of antibiotics and synthetic sweeteners (Dane Salts) (147). Principal outiets for MAA are the manufacture of the organophosphoms insecticide dia2inon [33341-5] (148,149) and the uracil herbicides bromacil [31440-9] and terbacil [5902-51-2] (150,151) (see Insect conztiol technology Herbicides). 

Arsonic and arsinic acids have found a number of industrial uses. They have been used as corrosion inhibitors for iron and steel, additives to motor fuel, agricultural bactericides, herbicides, and fungicides. 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (roxarsone) [121 -19-7] C H AsNOg, has found widespread use as an additive to poultry feed for the control of coccidiosis and other poultry diseases (122,123). Arsanilic acid [98-50-0] C HgAsNO, has also been used for this purpose (124) and for growth promotion in swine. It is manufactured and suppHed by Duphar Nutrition Co., Inc., Fleming Laboratories, Inc., Dr. Mayfield Laboratories, Inc., and Whitmoyer Laboratories, Inc. 4-Nitrophenylarsonic acid [98-72-6] C H AsNO and... 

Dichlorotoluene is an intermediate for manufacture of herbicides. It is also used to obtain 2,4-dichloroben2yl chloride and 2,4-dichloroben2oyl chloride. 2,6-Dichlorotoluene is appHed as a herbicide and dyestuff intermediate. 2,3,6-Trichlorotoluene is used as a herbicide intermediate. The other polychlorotoluenes have limited industrial appHcation. 

In North America, calcium cyanamide is no longer used as fertiliser, but it has limited use in special agricultural appHcations for defoHants, fungicides, herbicides, and as a weed killer. The primary industrial use is as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of calcium cyanide, hydrogen cyanamide solution, and dicyandiamide. Calcium cyanamide is also used to add nitrogen to steel. 

Maleic hydrazide (149), produced on a large scale as a herbicide, can be obtained, according to a patent, from a simple diaziridine, which on an industrial scale could be less expensive than hydrazine hydrate. In the proposed manufacture of diamide (150) from a diaziridine and urea it must be taken into account that the reaction of urea is preceded by solvolytic hydrazine formation, which probably proceeds under the reported conditions (several hours, 70-80 °C, acidic media) (79AHC(24)63). 

Slimicide and biocide toxic pollutants containing pentachlorophenol are used at mills in the pulp, paper, and paperboard industry. Initially, pentachlorophenol was used as a replacement for heavy metal salts, particularly mercuric types. Trichlorophenols are also used because of their availability as a byproduct from the manufacture of certain herbicides. Formulations containing organo-bromides and organo-sulfur compounds are also being used. Substitution of alternative slimicide and biocide formulations can lead to the virtual elimination of pentachlorophenol and trichlorophenol from these sources. 

Nitroaromatics TNT, nitrobenzene, nitrophenols, atrazine Manufacture of aniline, dyes, drugs (P,D) Explosive industry, military facilities (P, D) Manufacture of pesticides and herbicides (D) C [46]... 

Arsine is a colorless gas used in the semiconductor industry. Arsine also is used in mining and manufacturing processes involving arsenicals and paints and herbicides containing arsenicals. 

Arsine is an extremely toxic, colorless gas used extensively in the semiconductor industry. Arsine also is used in mining and manufacturing processes involving arsenicals and in paints and herbicides containing arsenicals (Risk and Fuortes 1991). Annual production has been estimated at over 10,000 pounds and is likely increasing with greater use in the semiconductor industry (U.S. EPA 1980). The physical and chemical data for arsine are shown in Table 2-2. 

Used industrially as a fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, wood preservation, textile drying agent, corrosion inhibitor as a veterinary medication and in the manufacture of specialty soaps. 

Used industrially to treat wool to prevent shrinking in the manufacture of rayon, rubber-base plastics, chlorophenol disinfectants, phosphate insecticides, heterocyclic fungicides and herbicides, and pharmaceuticals. 

Used industrially for the manufacture of flavorings, perfumes, acrolein, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, and pharmaceuticals used to denature alcohol. Used agriculturally as herbicide and fungicide. 

Used industrially as an intermediate in the manufacture of chloroacetophenone, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, and organic chemical synthesis. 

Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals and herbicides used in the manufacture of flame-resistant products used as a stabilizer for liquid sulfur trioxide. 

Used industrially in the manufacture of carbamates, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals used as a solvent in the photographic industry. 

Acrolein enters the environment as a result of normal metabolic processes incomplete combustion of coal, wood, plastics, tobacco, and oil fuels and industrial emissions. Acrolein has been detected in smog, foods, and water. It is used extensively in chemical manufacture, for control of fouling organisms, and as an herbicide to control submerged weeds in irrigation canals. 

PCDDs are present as trace impurities in some commercial herbicides and chlorophenols. They can be formed as a result of photochemical and thermal reactions in fly ash and other incineration products. Their presence in manufactured chemicals and industrial wastes is neither intentional nor desired. The chemical and environmental stability of PCDDs, coupled with their potential to accumulate in fat, has resulted in their detection throughout the global ecosystem. The number of chlorine atoms in PCDDs can vary between one and eight to produce up to 75 positional isomers. Some of these isomers are extremely toxic, while others are believed to be relatively innocuous. 

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