Hydroxides Potassium hydroxide

EleclTolyte potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide sulphuric acid sulphuric acid potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide... 

Maleic Anhydride. The ACGIH threshold limit value in air for maleic anhydride is 0.25 ppm and the OSHA permissible exposure level (PEL) is also 0.25 ppm (181). Maleic anhydride is a corrosive irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Pulmonary edema (collection of fluid in the lungs) can result from airborne exposure. Skin contact should be avoided by the use of mbber gloves. Dust respirators should be used when maleic anhydride dust is present. Maleic anhydride is combustible when exposed to heat or flame and can react vigorously on contact with oxidizers. The material reacts exothermically with water or steam. Violent decompositions of maleic anhydride can be catalyzed at high temperature by strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, alkaU metals, and amines). Precaution should be taken during the manufacture and use of maleic anhydride to minimize the presence of basic materials. 

The rate of stripping or the stripabiUty on cataly2ed urethane and epoxy resin finishes can be increased by adding formic acid, acetic acid, and phenol. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and trisodium phosphate [10101-89-0] may be added to the formula to increase the stripabiUty on enamel and latex paints. Other activators include oleic acid [112-80-17, trichloroacetic acid [76-85-9], ammonia, triethanolamine [102-71-6], and monoethyl amine. Methylene chloride-type removers are unique in their abiUty to accept cosolvents and activators that allow the solution to be neutral, alkaline, or acidic. This abihty gready expands the number of coatings that can be removed with methylene chloride removers. 

Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or other caustic compounds are blended to make these types of removers. Polymer-type thickeners are added to increase the viscosity that allows the remover to be appHed with a bmsh, trowel, or spray. Some of these products use a paper or fabric covering to allow the remover finish mixture to be peeled away. The most common appHcation for this group of removers is the removal of architectural finishes from the interior and exterior of buildings. The long dwell time allows for many layers of finish to be removed with one thick appHcation of remover. 

Nucleophilic Substitution Route. Commercial synthesis of poly(arylethersulfone)s is accompHshed almost exclusively via the nucleophilic substitution polycondensation route. This synthesis route, discovered at Union Carbide in the early 1960s (3,4), involves reaction of the bisphenol of choice with 4,4 -dichlorodiphenylsulfone in a dipolar aprotic solvent in the presence of an alkaUbase. Examples of dipolar aprotic solvents include A/-methyl-2-pyrrohdinone (NMP), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), sulfolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Examples of suitable bases are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate. In the case of polysulfone (PSE) synthesis, the reaction is a two-step process in which the dialkah metal salt of bisphenol A (1) is first formed in situ from bisphenol A [80-05-7] by reaction with the base (eg, two molar equivalents of NaOH),... 

Typical values for mf n are 0.5 to 2.5. Gommercially used bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide (lime), magnesium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium alurninate, calcium carbonate, or various mixtures. For certain appHcations, PAG can be made from waste grades of aluminum chloride [7446-70-0] such as spent catalyst solutions from Friedel-Grafts synthesis (see Friedel-Grafts reaction). 

The conversion of pitrosocarbamates into a-diazosulfones is efiected also with certain bases, notably by aqueous potassium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide, however, causes rapid decomposition of p-tolyl-sulfonyldiazomethane. Alumina is thought to act as a solid base and does not cause significant decomposition. 

Ammonium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) Quaternary ammonium hydroxides Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)... 

In addition to the formulation parameters mentioned above, selection of the base used for catalysis has strong implications. Bases commonly used are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium oxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hy-... 

Earlier investigators employed strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) or platinum on asbestos to... 

A base was originally defined as a substance which, when dissolved in water, undergoes dissociation with the formation of hydroxide ions OH- as the only negative ions. Thus sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and the hydroxides of certain bivalent metals are almost completely dissociated in aqueous solution ... 

Some agrochemicals bind strongly to the soil component as bound residues, which cannot be extracted without vigorous extraction procedures. In this case, an acidic (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid) or alkaline solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) can be used as an extraction solvent, and also heating may be effective in improving the extraction of the residues. Analytical procedures after the extraction are the same as above, but a filtration procedure may be troublesome in some of these situations. However, these procedures are rare exceptions or are needed for specific chemicals that are stable under such harsh extraction conditions. 

To produce biodiesel, refined vegetable oils are reacted with methanol in the presence of alkali catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methylate. The overall base-catalyzed process has several problems that also... 

Addition of bases or acids to nitromethane renders it susceptible to initiation by a detonator. These include aniline, diaminoethane, iminobispropylamine, morpholine, methylamine, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and formic, nitric, sulfuric or phosphoric acids. 

Other esters such as the benzoyl,108 stearoyl,101 oleoyl,101 can be prepared by treating xylan with the appropriate chloride in the presence of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, pyridine or quinoline. These derivatives have not been characterized, perhaps because of their insoluble nature. 

The primary starting material for the synthesis of perylene tetracarboxylic acid pigments is the dianhydride 71. It is prepared by fusing 1,8-naphthalene dicar-boxylic acid imide (naphthalic acid imide 69) with caustic alkali, for instance in sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/sodium acetate at 190 to 220°C, followed by air oxidation of the molten reaction mixture or of the aqueous hydrolysate. The reaction initially affords the bisimide (peryldiimide) 70, which is subsequently hydrolyzed with concentrated sulfuric acid at 220°C to form the dianhydride ... 

In this method, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or sodium aluminate can be fed to the spent fixer for precipitation of silver ions as insoluble silver hydroxide precipitates. Figure 7 indicates that the residual silver concentration in the hydroxide precipitation treated effluent can be about 1 mg/L at pH 12 [19]. 

Electrical Conductance of Aqueous Solutions of Ammonia and Metal Hydroxides. Check the electrical conductance of 1 W solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and ammonia. Record the ammeter readings. Arrange the studied alkalies in a series according to their activity. Acquaint yourself with the degree of dissociation and the dissociation constants of acids and bases (see Appendix 1, Tables 9 and 10). Why is the term apparent degree of dissociation used to characterize the dissociation of strong electrolytes ... 

The saponification is achieved by adding an alkali catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or an alkali metal alco-holate. The saponification is carried out at 30-65°C for 1-6 h. The concentration of the copolymer solution is 10-50%, and the amount of the catalyst used is 0.02-1.0 equivalents with respect to the ester component (1). In presence of methanol, methyl acetate is formed as a by product. This can be removed by purging with nitrogen. 

Casein and caseinates are generally made from skim milk by adding hydrochloric or sulfuric acid or by lactic acid fermentation. The isoelec-trically precipitated casein is washed and dried or neutralized with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide to produce the corresponding caseinate and spray dried. Rennet casein is... 

The reaction without a phase-transfer catalyst yields the desired fluoroalkene in 78-83 % yield only if concentrated base solutions of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide are used.30 However, 2-[difluoro(methoxy)methyl]penta-fluoropropene was obtained as a side product in 1-13% yield depending on the base. 

Hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide, [CAS 1310-58-3]. caustic potash, potassium hydrate, KOH, white solid, soluble, mp 380 C, formed (1) by reaction of potassium carbonate and calcium hydroxide in H2O, and then separation of the solution and evaporation. (2) by electrolysis of potassium chloride under the proper conditions, and evaporation. Used in the preparation of potassium salts f 1) in solution, and (2) upon fusion. Also used 111 the manufacture of (3) soaps, (4) drugs. (5) dyes, (6) alkaline batteries, (7) adhesives, (8) fertilizers, (9) alkylates, (10) for purifying industrial gases, (11) for scrubbing out traces of hydrofluoric add in processing equipment, (12) as a drain-pipe cleaner, and (13) in asphalt emulsions. 

Four solvent systems—potassium hydroxide plus glycerol, saturated aqueous potassium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide plus pyridine, and potassium hydroxide plus quinoline—were prepared as previously described. All four systems were allowed to react with quartz for 5 hr at... 

Alkali. Heating nitrobenzene with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and small quantities of water may result in an explosion. 4,5... 

Mobile phases useful for suppressed conductivity detection of anions include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and the sodium and potassium salts of weak acids such as boric acid. In nonsuppressed conductivity detection, the ionic components of the mobile phase are chosen so that their conductivities are as different from the conductivity of the analyte as possible. Large ions with poor mobility are often chosen, and borate-gluconate is popular. For cations, dilute solutions of a strong acid are often used for nonsuppressed conductivity detection. For more information on the application of electrochemical detection to inorganic analysis, see Ion Chromatography Principles and Applications by Haddad and Jackson,17 which provides a comprehensive listing of the sample types, analytes, sample pretreatments, columns, and mobile phases that have been used with electrochemical detection. 

M-OH (metal hydroxide) Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Nucleophilic bases Deprotonation of organic acids with acidities as high as pKa = 16, hydrolysis of esters, amides, and nitriles... 

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