Sulfuric acid with potassium hydroxide

Write the overall, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction of sulfuric acid with potassium hydroxide. 

Write molecular and net ionic equations for the successive neutralizations of each of the acidic hydrogens of sulfuric acid with potassium hydroxide. (That is, write equations for the reaction of sulfuric acid with KOH to give the acid salt and for the reaction of the acid salt with more KOH to give potassium sulfate.)... 

Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Ltd. practiced a Henkel II technology starting with toluene to produce benzoic acid. Reaction of benzoic acid with potassium hydroxide resulted in potassium benzoate, which was subjected to a disproportionation reaction to produce dipotassium terephthalate and benzene. Dipotassium terephthalate reacted with sulfuric acid, and the resulting terephthahc acid was recovered by filtration and drying (65,66). Here, dipotassium sulfate was the by-product. 

Remember that an acid-base reaction is a double displacement reaction. Therefore, if sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed, the positive ions trade places. The hydrogen ions from the sulfuric acid will react with the negative hydroxide ions to form water. Because a hydrogen ion has a charge of + 1 and a hydroxide ion has a charge of -1, they bond in a 1 1 ratio ... 

In a chemical equation, like the one for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide, the reactants (the substances being mixed together) are always written on the left-hand side of the equation. The products (the substances made when the reactants react with each other) are placed on the right-hand side of the equation. Atoms cannot be made or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged. This is called the law of conservation of matter. Therefore, there must always be the same number of atoms of each element on the reactant side of the equation as there are on the product side. 

Combine water, potassium hydroxide, and Stepanate SXS. Slowly add Bio-Soft S-100 with agitation. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with sulfuric acid or potassium hydroxide. Dissolve TKPP and Steol CS 460. Mix until clear and homogeneous. 

A cold mixture of sulfuric acid (98%, 4 g), and water (4 mL) was added to an amino-alcohol 25 (40 mmol) in water (2.4 mL) at 0-5°C. The mixture was heated to 120°C and then water was carefully distilled off in vacuo. The solid sulfate residue was treated with 6.2 M potassium hydroxide, and steam-distilled. The distillate was saturated with potassium hydroxide pellets and the upper organic layer, which separated, was fractionally distilled from potassium hydroxide through a short column to give a colorless oil aziridine 26 in 96% yield. 

The structural homology between intermediate 4 and isostrych-nine I (3) is obvious intermediates 3 and 4 are simply allylic isomers and the synthetic problem is now reduced to isomerizing the latter substance into the former. Treatment of 4 with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid at 120°C results in the formation of a mixture of isomeric allylic bromides which is subsequently transformed into isostrychnine I (3) with boiling aqueous sulfuric acid. Following precedent established in 194810 and through the processes outlined in Scheme 8a, isostrychnine I (3) is converted smoothly to strychnine (1) upon treatment with potassium hydroxide in ethanol. Woodward s landmark total synthesis of strychnine (1) is now complete. 

The checkers used acetylene available from Matheson Gas Products. The gas was purified by passing it through concentrated sulfuric acid and then through a tower filled with potassium hydroxide pellets. The gas was then passed into a 1-1. safety flask which was connected to the gas inlet tube by means of rubber tubing. The checkers used a rotameter that was calibrated with air to determine the flow rate of acetylene. 

Due to chemical passivation in old waste materials, subsequent leaching of the leach residue with sulfuric acid, with perhaps some oxidation, is necessary to achieve very high yields. If the pH is kept about 3 in this second treatment, leaching of iron is negligible. Also, to reduce iron in the leach solution, spent potassium hydroxide electrolyte from discarded batteries can be used for iron hydroxide precipitation. 

Isolation of the products is accomplished by decomposition with sodium potassium tartrate [576], by water and dilute sodium hydroxide [727], or by successive treatment with 6n sulfuric acid followed by alkalization with potassium hydroxide [787]. 

Oxetane is a colourless liquid, formed by the cyclization of 3-acetoxy-1-chloropropane with potassium hydroxide, or from 1,3-dihydroxy-propane on treatment first with sulfuric acid and then with sodium hydroxide (Scheme 8.12). 

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