Hypochlorite potassium hydroxide

Chlorinating a slurry of lime in a sodium hydroxide solution forms crystals of calcium hypochlorite dihydrate, which can be filtered and dried. The precipitation of basic compounds is avoided by incremental addition of the calcium hydroxide to the sodium hydroxide solution during chlorination. In a batch process, all of the sodium hydroxide and 10-80% of the calcium hydroxide are introduced into a stirred reactor. Chlorine is then added. When the chlorination is nearly complete, the remainder of the calcium hydroxide is added without interrupting the flow of chlorine. The solids are separated and dried to from CalOCOj. In a continuous process, the sodium hydroxide solution is fed into one end of a long tubular reactor, and the calcium hydroxide slurry and chlorine are separately injected at a number of sites along the length of a jacketed reactor. The calcium hypochlorite is removed from the end of the reactor and dried. When impurities in the lime interfere with the crystallization of calcium hypochlorite, potassium hydroxide is substituted for up to 25% of the sodium hydroxide. ... 

Sodium hypochlorite potassium hydroxide Benzofurazan oxides from o-nitramines... 

Acetaldehyde reacts with phosphoms pentachloride to produce 1,1-dichloroethane [75-34-3] and with hypochlorite and hypoiodite to yield chloroform [67-66-3] and iodoform [75-47-8], respectively. Phosgene [75-44-5] is produced by the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with acetaldehyde in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride (75). Chloroform reacts with acetaldehyde in the presence of potassium hydroxide and sodium amide to form l,l,l-trichloro-2-propanol [7789-89-1] (76). 

The only known stable soHd neutral hypochlorites are those of lithium, calcium, strontium [14674-76-17, and barium [13477-10-6]. Calcium also forms two stable basic hypochlorites (calcium hydroxide hypochlorites) Ca(OCl)2 0.5Ca(OH)2 [62974-42-9] and Ca(OCl)2 2Ca(OH)2 [12394-14-8], Sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9] does not have good stabiHty. Potassium hypochlorite [7778-66-7] exists only in solution. Attempts to isolate the soHd have... 

In a 3-I. round-bottomed flask 250 g. of commercial calcium hypochlorite is dissolved in i 1. of warm water and a warm solution of 175 g. of potassium carbonate and 50 g. of potassium hydroxide in 500 cc. of water is added. The flask is stoppered and shaken vigorously until the semi-solid gel which first forms become quite fluid. The suspended solid is removed by filtration on a large Buchner funnel, washed with 200 cc. of water, and sucked as dry as possible with the aid of a rubber dam and an efficient suction pump. The filtrate of approximately 1500 cc. is placed in a 3-I. round-bottomed flask and is ready for the addition of methyl /3-naphthyl ketone. 

A trade association of companies that are involved or interested in the safe production, distribution and use of chlorine, sodium and potassium hydroxides, and sodium hypochlorite, and the distribution and use of hydrogen chloride. 

A more complex example is afforded by the reaction between iodide and hypochlorite ions in 0.1 to 1.0 M potassium hydroxide.9 The reaction and its rate expression... 

In the early studies on luminol and related hydrazides the systems used were composed of either sodium or potassium hydroxide, as base, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent (more recently molecular oxygen, hypochlorite, iodide, and permanganate have also been used), and some type of initiator or activator. This initiator was frequently hypochlorite, persulfate, a transition metal... 

The military also identifies the following "nonstandard" decontaminants Detrochlorite (thickened bleach mixture of diatomaceous earth, anionic wetting agent, calcium hypochlorite, and water), 3% aqueous peracetic acid solution, 1% aqueous hyamine solution, and a 10% aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. 

B. Benzofurazan oxide. A mixture of 21 g. (0.32 mole) of potassium hydroxide and 250 ml. of 95% ethanol in a 1-1. Erlenmeyer flask is heated on a steam bath until the solid dissolves (Note 1). o-Nitro-aniline (40 g., 0.29 mole) (Note 2) is dissolved in the warm alkali solution. The resulting deep red solution is then cooled to 0°, and the sodium hypochlorite solution from part A is added slowly with good stirring over the course of 10 minutes (Note 3). The flocculent yellow precipitate is collected on a large Buchner funnel, washed with 200 ml. of water, and air-dried. The crude product weighs 36.0-36.5 g. and melts at 66-71° (Note 4). The product is purified by recrystallization from a solution made up from 45 ml. of 95% ethanol and 15 ml. of water. Material insoluble in the hot solvent is removed by filtration, and the hot filtrate is allowed to cool to room temperature. The yield of yellow benzofurazan oxide is 31.6-32.5 g. (80-82%), m.p. 72-73°. 

Phenylurazole, from 4-phenyl-l-carbethoxysemicarbazide and potassium hydroxide, 51,122 with /-butyl hypochlorite to give 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-... 

Preparation of the prototype drug departs from the phenylenediamine strategy used in all of the previous examples. Condensation of thiazolo nitrile (53-2) with aniline catalyzed by aluminum chloride affords the amidine addition product (53-3). This is then converted to its reactive A -chloro derivative (53-4) by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Treatment of that intermediate with a base such as potassium hydroxide leads directly to the cyclization product and thus the benzimidazole thiabendazole (53-6) [56]. The reaction can be rationalized by invoking as the first step the abstraction of chloride to leave behind a nitrene species such as (53-5) this would then readily insert in the CH bond at the ortho position. 

After removing any residual homopolymer by benzene extraction, the grafted polystyrene was separated from the wool by treating with a two-phase toluene-5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Two separate 24-hour treatments were necessary to dissolve the polystyrene completely and render it soluble in benzene. The technique previously used (5% potassium hydroxide and benzene) left about half the polystyrene insoluble in benzene because of attached amino acid residues. 

G. F. Schonbein, as previously indicated, found that when iodine water is mixed with potassium hydroxide, the analogy of the product with soln. of the hypo-bromites and hypochlorites shows that potassium hypoiodite is in all probability formed by a reversible reaction, 2KOH +I2 KI +KOI+H20, and that, when in equilibrium, the addition of potassium iodide will reverse the reaction, forming free iodine and potassium hydroxide. Hence, (i) the amount of potassium hydroxide required to complete the reaction must be greater than is indicated by the equation, as was found to be the case by R. L. Taylor and (ii) the failure of many to obtain evidence of bleaching soln. of hypoiodite when soln. of iodine in potassium iodide are employed. If a large excess of potassium iodide is present, this will prevent... 

The preparation of alkali chlorates. —J. L. Gay Lussac 4 showed that when chlorine is passed into a cold soln. of potassium hydroxide, a mixture of potassium chloride and hypochlorite is formed and when the soln. is boiled the hypochlorite... 

It will be observed that potassium hypochlorite is the first product of the action of chlorine upon potassium hydroxide, and the hypochlorite is successively converted into the chlorate or perchlorate, before it is finally all transformed into the chloride. The hypochlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate thus represent intermediate stages in the reaction 4K0H+2C12... 

Charge the water to a mixing vessel and start agitation. Charge the Hostapur, followed by the Potassium Hydroxide and the Tetrapotassiurn Pyrophosphate. Apply cooling and then add the Mazon 9B and the Sodium Cumene Sulfonate. When product is less than B5 degrees F, add the Sodium Hypochlorite and the balance of the water. 

If necessary, the powdered commercial material (c. 98% pure) may be dried in a vacuum desiccator over potassium hydroxide pellets. Sodium cyanide is very poisonous and must be handled with great care. Residual solutions containing alkali cyanides should be rendered innocuous by the addition of an excess of sodium hypochlorite before being washed down the main drain of the laboratory with a liberal supply of water they should never be treated with acid. (Expt 5.157). 

F. (S)-(-)-l-Amino-3-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (SAMP). A 4-L, threenecked flask containing the crude urea is cooled to -5°C (internal temperature) by means of an ice-salt bath and treated with a chilled (-5°C) solution of 168 g of potassium hydroxide in 150 mL of water. After addition of 685 mL (1.3 mol) of 1.9 N potassium hypochlorite solution (Note 15), precooled to -6°C, the temperature rises within 10 min to 30-40°C and the cooling bath is removed after the mixture reaches room temperature (Note 16). Stirring is... 

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