Oil, hydrogenated

Blend of partially hydrogenated oils Ripened ( cultured ) skim milk... 

Oils. Among many investigated oils, soy oil, middle-chain triglycerides (MCT), safflower oil, and cottonseed oils are favoured for use as the oil phase due to their low incidence of toxic reactions. Purity is regarded as an important criterion for parenteral use. Undesirable contaminants such as hydrogenated oil, saturated fatty materials, pigments, or oxidative decomposition products should be minimized. 

Partially hydrogenated fats, 10 829 Partially hydrogenated oils, 10 813 Partially hydrolyzed trimethylaluminum (PHT), 16 88... 

Of the three fossil fuel feedstocks for hydrogen—oil, coal and natural gas—only coal will be available at relatively cheap prices over the next several decades. However, the use of coal to produce hydrogen would not be a desirable long-term option from an enviromnental standpoint (Demirbas and Caglar, 1998). 

Hydrogenated oil, administered to Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice, produced a significant increase in peritoneal cells of coconut oil-fed mice and a reduction of bacterial recovery from the spleen . Oil, administered to mice injected with a nonlethal dose of Escherichia coli at a dose of 20% by weight for 5 weeks, produced a decrease of peak plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNE)-a, interleukin (IL)-l P, and lL-6 concentrations. Peak plasma IL-10 concentrations were higher in the coconut-fed group than in those fed the other diets, coconut oil diminished production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo . ... 

Cardiovascular effect. Coconut and coconut oil, administered to 32 coronary heart disease patients in 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls with no difference in the fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol consumption, produced no effecC h Hydrogenated oil, administered to young male Wistar rats, at a dose of 10% of diet for 10 weeks, produced an increase in the risk of ventricular arrhythmias under conditions of both ischemia and reperfusion. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was 67% in the oil-... 

Cholesterol metabolism. Hydrogenated oil, administered orally to hamsters at a dose of 20% of diet for 4 weeks, induced hypercholesterolemia. Oil feeding had no effect on cholesterol synthesis but markedly inhibited cholesterol esterification in both the liver and the intestine. The diet-induced hypercholesterolemia was strongly correlated with an increase in acyl-CoA/cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The hypercholesterolemia increased aortic uptake of cholesterol and hence acyl-CoA/cholesterol acyltransferase activity " Coconut fat, administered orally to rabbits with partial ileal bypass, produced a significant increase of serum total cholesterol and phospholipids concentrations. The effect on semm lipids of the type of fat was similar in control and partial ileal bypass rabbits A Coconut—a main source of energy for two... 

Gastrin inhibition. Hydrogenated oil, administered to adult rats, produced a significant reduction in antral and plasma gastrin concentrations . Gastrointestinal effect. Oil, administered to rats, induced the secretion of surfactantlike particles in the small intestine ". Genotoxic activity. Coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate with or without S9 activation enzyme, in cell culture, pro-... 

Hepatic activity. Hydrogenated oil, administered orally to male weanling rats at a dose... 

Ileal oleic acid uptake. Hydrogenated oil, administered to rats at a dose of 5 g/100 g of diet, produced saturable kinetics in ileal brush border membrane vesicles = 0.23... 

Jejunal oleic acid uptake. Hydrogenated oil, administered to rats at a dose of 5 g/100 g of diet, produced saturable kinetics in jejunal brush border membrane vesicles = 0.15 + 01 pmol/mgprotein/5 minutes, and K = 136 + 29.1 nmol for controls, and Vmax =03 + 01 pmol/mg protein/5 minutes and K = 124.5 + 72.6 nmol for the coconut oil-fed group . 

Shock prevention. Oil, administered to rats injected with Escherichia coli endotoxin, produced a significant effech" h Sickness behavior. Hydrogenated oil, administered to Swiss Webster mice at a dose of 17% w/w for 6 weeks, produced the bioactivity of plasma TNF-a equal to 32.6 + 3.6 ng/mL in mice fed coconut oil diet compared to mice fed fish oil (98.2 + 5.1 ng/ mL) 5... 

Thus, if the hydrogen supply to the catalyst surface could be increased sufficiently, partially-hydrogenated oils with acceptable levels of trans-fatty acids could be produced. However, this is not possible using the traditional technology. 

Fig. 18, Correlation of refractive index with iodine number of hydrogenated oil, (Yazbak, Foxboro, Massachusetts)...

Mossoba, M.M., Yurawecz, M.P., and McDonald, R.E. 1996. Rapid determination of the total trans content of neat hydrogenated oils by attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73 1003-1009. 

Hydrogenated oils can be suitable basestocks for margarine, shortening, and frying oil with improved stability and altered physical properties. But hydrogenation has not completely solved oxidative-stability problems, and there is increasing concern about the nutritional safety of partially hydrogenated oils. 

Fig. 83. Iodine value vs. refractive index for various hydrogenated oils, according to Bailey71.

Poor selectivity. Ratios of hydrogen, oil, and catalyst outside design ranges will change the yield structures. Some parts of the bed will be hotter than other parts. Some fractions of the feedstock will be cracked... 

Trans fats come from hydrogenated oils like Crisco. Researchers have linked trans fats to heart disease, blocked blood vessels, higher levels of "bad" cholesterol, and lower levels of "good" cholesterol in the body. Trans fats seem to be so unhealthy that the Food and Drug Administration decided in 2003 that all food labels should show the amount of trans fats so that people could make better decisions about eating them. 

This is an example of a hydrogenation reaction, a very common reaction in organic synthesis, food processing (manufacture of hydrogenated oils), and petroleum refining. Another example of an addition reaction is the biologically mediated reaction of vinyl chloride with oxygen,... 

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