Hydrogen/oil ratios

Typical operating conditions were 450°C, 30 bar total pressure, a hydrogen/oil ratio of 900 Nl/kg and a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1.5 kg/(kg h) for a period of 200 h. It was checked that at these conditions at the reactor inlet the criteria for wetting and plug flow for trickle-bed reactors [3,4] were met. Extreme conditions (higher temperatures and H2/oil ratios) led to extensive evaporation of the VGO such that the criteria mentioned were no longer adhered to. 

The model describes the distinct maxima of the amount of coke as a function of temperature and hydrogen/oil ratio. 

Diluent in microflow test Silicon carbide, d = 0.05 mm. Feed Middle East heavy gasoil, 1.64 %w S.Operating conditions WHSV, WABT, hydrogen/oil ratio, partial pressures of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide same in commercial and microflow reactor. 

Raising the temperature increases the rates of most hydrocracking reactions, including coke formation. Raising the hydrogen/oil ratio increases heat removal, which limits temperature rise. 

The benzene content of FCC gasoline is typically in the range of 0.6 vol /i to 1.3 vol%. CAAA s Simple Model requires RFC to have a maximum of 1 vol% benzene. In California, the basic requirement is also 1 vol% however, if refiners are to comply with averaging provisions, the maximum is 0.8 vol%. Operationally, the benzene content of FCC gasoline can be reduced by reducing catalyst-oil contact time and catalyst-to-oil ratio. Lower reactor temperature, lower rates of hydrogen transfer, and an octane catalyst will also reduce benzene levels. 

Elemental analysis of fuel oil often plays a more major role that it may appear to do in lower-boiling products. Aromaticity (through the atomic hydrogen/carbon ratio), sulfur content, nitrogen content, oxygen content, and metals content are all important features that can influence the use of residual fuel oil. 

Catalytic evaluations were conducted using microactivity tests (MAT) ( ) at 910 F initial temperature, 15 WHSV, 6.0 g catalyst, and a 5.0 cat-to-oil ratio. The feedstock was a metals-free mid-continent gas oil. Each data point shown is the average of two MAT runs. Only MAT runs with acceptable mass balance were used (96 to 101%). Additionally, MAT data was normalized to 100% mass balance. Extensive error analysis of conversion, coke, and hydrogen yields indicates the following respective standard deviations 1.62, 0.29, 0.025. The effects of nickel and vanadium on the hydrogen and coke make were calculated by obtaining the difference between the yields obtained with uncontaminated catalysts and that of the contaminated catalyst at the same conversion. 

The producing gas-oil ratio of a well is 589 scf/STB, and the specific gravities of the gas and stock-tank oil are 0.950 and 39.0°API, respectively. The liquid in the reservoir is at its bubble point at reservoir conditions of 1763 psia and 250°F. The reservoir liquid has 3 weight percent hydrogen sulfide. Calculate the density of this liquid at reservoir conditions. 

Poor selectivity. Ratios of hydrogen, oil, and catalyst outside design ranges will change the yield structures. Some parts of the bed will be hotter than other parts. Some fractions of the feedstock will be cracked... 

The organic material in both tar sands and high-grade oil shale has a carbon-to-hydrogen mass ratio of about 8, which is close to that of cmde oil. However, the mineral content of rich tar sands in the form of sand or sandstone is about 85 mass%, and that of high-grade oil shale, in the form of sedimentary rock, is about the same. Therefore, very large volumes of solids must be handled to recover... 

Figure 1. Normalized carbon to hydrogen atomic ratios of fuel residues during equilibrium batch distillation of Gulf Coast No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, Indo-Malaysian No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, and Raw Paraho shale oil.

The plots in Figure 4 are based on calculations for a steam to oil ratio of 10. Inspection indicates that the conversion to styrene is favored by lowering the pressure. However, the effect of pressure on the conversion is smaller than either the effect of the steam to oil ratio or as will be seen, the effect of the removal of hydrogen. 

Figure 3. Combined effects of temperature and steam to oil ratio on the conversion. Total pressure = 1 atm no hydrogen removal.

Figure 2. Impact of hydrogen transfer on coke make yields at various cat/oil ratio s...

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