Sickness behavior

Fever. Table 1 Sickness behaviors typically elicited by infectious pathogens or their products... 

Dantzer, R. (2006). Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Neurol. Clin., 24(3), 441-60. Dawes, M., Davies, P., Gray, A. et al. (2005). Evidence-Based Practice A Primer for Health Care Professionals. Edinburgh Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, de Leon, J. (2006). AmpliChip CYP450 test personalized medicine has arrived in psychiatry. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn., 6, 277-86. 

Dynatov, V.A. and Lawrence, D.A., Neonatal lead exposure potentiates sickness behavior induced by Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice, Brain Behav. Immun. 16, 477, 2002. 

Bluthe, R.M. et al., Synergy between tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-1 in the induction of sickness behavior in mice, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 197, 1994. 

Shock prevention. Oil, administered to rats injected with Escherichia coli endotoxin, produced a significant effech" h Sickness behavior. Hydrogenated oil, administered to Swiss Webster mice at a dose of 17% w/w for 6 weeks, produced the bioactivity of plasma TNF-a equal to 32.6 + 3.6 ng/mL in mice fed coconut oil diet compared to mice fed fish oil (98.2 + 5.1 ng/ mL) 5... 

CN202 Kozak, W., D. Soszynski, K. Rudolph, C. A. Conn, and M. J. Kluger. Dietary n-3 fatty acids differentially affect sickness behavior in mice during local and systemic inflammation. Am J Physiol 1997 272(4 Pt. 2) 1298-1307. 

The proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-ip, and TNF-a, are associated with sickness behavior and their levels increase in the CNS during viral or bacterial infections (Quan et al., 1999 Pollmacher et al., 2002 Anisman, 2004 Dantzer et al., 2007 ... 

It has been observed that exposure to the heavy metal, lead (Pb), can increase susceptibility to infectious agents (Lawrence, 1981). Moreover, neonatal Pb exposure exacerbated sickness behavior in pups infected with Listeria monocytogenes, such sickness behavior was documented as loss of appetite and drinking, decreased body-weight gain, and lack of mobility (Dyatlov and Lawrence, 2002). These results suggested that Pb might modulate expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain. 

Dantzer R, Bluthe R-M, Castanon N, Kelley KW, Konsman J-P, Laye S, Lestage J, Parnet P (2007) Cytokines, sickness behavior, and depression. In Ader R (ed) Psychoneuroimmunology, 4th edn, vol 1. Elsevier, Inc., London, pp 281-318... 

In addition to activation of the HPA axis, the pro-inflammatory cytokines also influence behavior the outcome of this influence is manifested as a synckome known as sickness behavior. This synckome is characterized by a number of behavioral responses including anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure), deareased general activity and exploratory behavior, decreased feeding and sexual activity, and ina eased sleep (Dantzer, 2001, 2004 Lai son and Dunn, 2001). 

The growing awareness of the role of cytokines in regulating CNS function has resulted in a great deal of research in the last decade on thek potential role in psychiahic disorders. Initially driven by studies of sickness behavior, evidence has accumulated suggesting that levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are altered during the course of several psychiatric disorders. 

Several studies have show n increased plasma levels of IL-6 in patients with MDD. In a more extensive study, Alesci and colleagues found that IL-6 levels were increased in MDD patients throughout the circadian cycle (Alesci et al., 2005). There was a 12-hour shift in the circadian rhythm of IL-6 plasma levels and its complexity was reduced. Even though IL-6 is a known activator of the HPA axis, cortisol levels were not consistendy changed in MDD padents compared to controls. Addidonally, it v as found that IL-6 levels, with their altered rhythm, correlated significandy with mood radngs. IL-6 also induces a sickness behavior very similar to depression. These data suggest a direct reladonship betw een IL-6 and depression. 

Daritzer R (2001) Cytokhie-induced sickness behavior Mechanisms and implicadoris. Arm N Y Acad Sci 933 222—234. 

DantzerR (2001) Cytokine-induced sickness behavior Where do we stand Brain Behav Immun 15 7-24. 

In addition to physical factors, several studies identified a variety of psychological and psychosocial risk factors of LBP that are related to work environment (Damkot et al. 1984 Magora 1973 Svensson and Andersson 1983, 1989 Bigos et al. 1991). However, as pointed out by Riihimaki (1991), since most of the studies have been retrospective in nature, it is difficult to determine whether these factors are antecedents or consequences of back pain (Kelsey et al. 1988), and whether these factors play a role in the etiology of LBDs or only affect the perception of symptoms and sickness behavior. 

Neonate BALB/c mice exposed to drinking water Pb after weaning or before weaning, and postpartum to weaning, demonstrated prolonged sickness behavior after infection with L. monocytogenes at 22 days of age. Increased serum levels of IL-1(3 and IL-6 were determined, while there was a reduction in CD4 CD8 and CD4(—XrD8(—) T cells (Dyatlov and Lawrence, 2002). 

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