Hydrogen light oils

When coal is coked at a temperature of approximately 1000°C, about 70—75% of the product is coke. Nearly 20% of the product is a light gas, mostiy methane and hydrogen, that typically is used as fuel to heat the ovens. Coal tars amount to about 4% of the product and light oil or naphtha is about 1%. Ammonia is recovered in an amount equal to about 0.3% of the feed coal. The ammonia is usually converted to ammonium sulfate and sold as a fertilizer. Littie or no ammonia [7664-41-7] is produced inlow temperature carbonization (3). 

A blend of Wilsonville recycle solvent (75 weight percent) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (25 weight percent) was prepared for use as the solvent in experiments simulating the second process step, which would use hydrogenated solvent. Analyses and distillation data for this solvent are also given in Table 2. Tetralin boils below 232 C and was collected in the light oil distillation fraction during product workup. 

Other Reaction Products. In addition to SRC, gas, light oil, and a filter cake of unreacted coal and inorganic materials are produced in the first step of the short residence time coal liquefaction process. One of the objectives of short residence time coal liquefaction is to minimize the loss of hydrogen to gases and light oil. 

Dynagas A noncatalytic process for hydrogenating coal to produce gas or light oil fuels. Developed by Hydrocarbon Research. 

Light oils are invariably hydroprocessed in gas-liquid-solid catalyst trickle-bed reactors (TBR). In these reactors, both the hydrogen and hydrocarbon streams flow down through one or more catalyst beds. A typical schematic diagram is shown in Figure 5.2—41 as an example of hydrodesulfurization process [60, 61]. 

The marine animal waxes are both solid and liquid. The solid marine animal waxes are represented by a wax of considerable economic importance, namely spermaceti, derived from a concrete obtained from the head of the sperm whale. The liquid waxes of marine animals arc represented by speim oil obtained from the blubbei and cavities in the head of the sperm whale. Spermaceti is the wax used in the candle which defines our unit of candle power it is used chiefly as a base for ointments, cerates, etc. Sperm oil contains a considerable amount of esters made up of unsaturated alcohols and acids, both of which are susceptible to hydrogenation. Hydrogenated sperm oil is the equivalent of spermaceti wax and harder than the commercial pressed spermaceti. Both yield cetyl alcohol as the unsaponifiable. There is a fairly large demand for cetyl alcohol in the manufacture of lipstick, shampoo, and other cosmetics. Sperm oil itself is an excellent lubricant for lubricating spindles of cotton and woolen mills, or wherever there is need for a very light, limpid, nongummmg lubricant. 

Refs l)Daniel (1902) 256 (Emilite) 556 (Nitrated coal tar pitch) 695 (Rotten s expls contg coal tar) 708 (Schultze s expls propints contg nitrated coal tar) 2)Thoipe 3 (1939), 207-14 (Coal tar) 3)Thorpe 6 (1943) 371-2 (Coal tar hydrogenation to obtain gasoline light oils) 4)Davis (1943), 129 (Coal tar)... 

The first fraction listed is the 550°F-f- heavy oil produced by hydrogenation of the 550°-850°F heavy oil from distillation and coking of the in situ crude oil. This is the same fraction listed in Tables I and II as the syncrude heavy oil fraction. The second fraction listed in Table VII is the 350°-550°F light oil produced in the foregoing hydrogenation, and the third fraction is the 175°-350°F heavy naphtha produced in the same hydrogenation. 

The fourth fraction in Table VII is the 350°-550°F light oil produced from the hydrogenation of the 350°-550°F light oil resulting from the distillation and coking of the in situ crude to which had been added an aliquot amount of the light oil shown as the second fraction in Table VII. The fifth fraction is the 175°-350°F heavy naptha from this hydrogenation. Only the second, third, and fifth listed fractions are intermediate fractions the first and fourth are final, syncrude ones. 

The synthetic crude was produced by hydrogenating the IBP-350°F naphtha, the 350°-550°F light oil, and the 550°-850°F heavy oil fractions obtained from in situ crude shale oil by distillation followed by coking of the 850°F-f- residuum. Characterization of the syncrude was accomplished by examining the following fractions CB-175°F light naphtha, 175°-350°F heavy naphtha, 350°-550°F light oil, and 550°-850°F heavy oil. 

V (Ni-Mo) and the lowest yields with catalysts III (Ni-W) and IV (Ni-W). The highest conversion, i.e., material converted to products boiling below 550°F, was attained with catalyst VI (Ni-Co-Mo). The lowest conversion was attained with catalyst IV (Ni-W), a hydrocracking catalyst. The highest yields of naphtha and light oil were attained with catalysts I (Co-Mo) and VI (Ni-Co-Mo). Because of its high sustained denitrification activity, catalyst V (Ni-Mo) was selected for use in the preparation of syncrude by hydrogenation of the in situ distillate fractions. 

Hydrogenation of the 350°-550°F light oil under the conditions used reduced the nitrogen content from 10,850 ppm in the charge stock to 79 ppm in the 350°-550°F fraction of the hydrogenated liquid product. Sulfur was reduced from 4590 to 1.2 ppm, and the gravity increased from 35.0° to 41.5° API. 

These results indicate that nitrogen removal is considerably more efficient when the naphtha, light oil, and heavy oil are hydrogenated... 

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