Lightly hydrogenated oil

Standard liquid shortening sold in the market contains lightly hydrogenated soybean or canola oil. These contain approximately 20-30% trans-fats. Substitution of this lightly hydrogenated oil with one of the oils listed in Table 6 would produce trans-fxee pourable shortening. 

Any fat or oil will deteriorate with prolonged time even if stored and handled under ideal conditions. Unhydrogenated or lightly hydrogenated oils, which do not require heat for keeping them liquid, have greater resistance to deterioration than do shortenings. The latter, however, will keep for 2-3 weeks in a melted... 

Wkiterization is a specialized appHcation of fractional crystallization that is utilized to remove saturates or waxes from Hquid oils. Salad oils, which do not cloud at refrigerator temperature, have been produced by winterizing lightly hydrogenated soybean ok. However, many producers now use refined, bleached, deodorized oks for this purpose (24). 

Potential Processes. Sulfur vapor reacts with other hydrocarbon gases, such as acetjiene [74-86-2] (94) or ethylene [74-85-1] (95), to form carbon disulfide. Higher hydrocarbons can produce mercaptan, sulfide, and thiophene intermediates along with carbon disulfide, and the quantity of intermediates increases if insufficient sulfur is added (96). Light gas oil was reported to be successflil on a semiworks scale (97). In the reaction with hydrocarbons or carbon, pyrites can be the sulfur source. With methane and iron pyrite the reaction products are carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and iron or iron sulfide. Pyrite can be reduced with carbon monoxide to produce carbon disulfide. 

After all the hydrogen peroxide is added, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature and is then saturated with sodium chloride, after which it is extracted four times with 100-ml. portions of ether. The combined extracts are dried over sodium sulfate. The ether is removed by distillation on a steam bath, and the residue is then distilled under reduced pressure, Pyrogallol monomethyl ether is collected at 136-138°/22 mm. The yield is 38-44.5 g. (68-80%) of a colorless to light t11ow oil which solidifies on standing (Note 4). 

Elektrion Also called Volto. A method of increasing the molecular weight, and thus the viscosity, of a mixture of light mineral oil and a fatty oil, by subjecting it to an electric discharge in a hydrogen atmosphere. 

Among the classes of feedstock processed in the hydrocracker the most highly aromatics feed are light cycle oils produced in the FCC unit Once formed by cyclization and the hydrogen transfer mechanism discussed above, they accumulate in the product due to the absence of a metal function in the FCC catalyst and adequate hydrogen in the process environment. They are typically sold as low-value fuel oil, or hydrotreated to reduce sulfur content and improve their quality as diesel blend stocks. Another approach to upgrade their value even further... 

By 1903. llie wave theory of light based oil Maxwell s equations was well established, but certain phenomena would not fit in. It seemed that emission and absorption of hght occur discontinuously. This led Einstein to (lie view that the energy is concentrated in discrete particles. It was a revolutionary idea, very hard to understand, as the successes of the wave theory were undeniable. It seemed that light had to be understood sometimes as waves, sometimes as particles, and physicists had to get used to it, The idea was incorporated into Bohr s theory of the hydrogen atom and forms an essential part of it. 

A solution of 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-phenylbut-3-enoic acid (223 g, 0.73 mole) in ethyl acetate (2 L) was hydrogenated over 8 g of 5% Pd/C catalyst at atmospheric pressure and room temperature until hydrogen uptake ceased (24 h). The catalyst was separated by filtration and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum to a light brown oil containing traces of solvent (ca. 100% yield). An analytical sample of the 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-phenylbutanoic acid was crystallized from hexane (melting point 118°-120°C). 

A solution of 2.6 grams of an above prepared acetate in 50 ml of hexane was stirred under hydrogen with 1.56 grams of 5 % Pd on CaC03 at 22°C. Absorption of hydrogen ran at about 6.0 ml/min. At the theoretical end-point, 176 milliliters of hydrogen at 22°C, the rate of absorption had fallen to 0.8 ml/min. The catalyst was filtered off and the hexane removed under vacuum. The product was a light yellow oil the yield was 2.52 g. 

Canola Oil occurs as a light yellow oil. It is typically obtained by a combination of mechanical expression followed by n-hexane extraction, from the seed of the plant Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, or Brassica rapa (Fam. Cruciferae). The plant varieties are those producing oil-bearing seeds with a low erucic acid (C22 i) content. It is a mixture of triglycerides composed of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. It is refined, bleached, and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids phospholipids color odor and flavor components and miscellaneous, other non-oil materials. It can be hydrogenated to reduce the level of unsaturated fatty acids for functional purposes in foods. It is a liquid at 0° and above. 

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