Fatty materials

Anionic surfactants are the most commonly used class of surfactant. Anionic surfactants include sulfates such as sodium alkylsulfate and the homologous ethoxylated versions and sulfonates, eg, sodium alkylglycerol ether sulfonate and sodium cocoyl isethionate. Nonionic surfactants are commonly used at low levels ( 1 2%) to reduce soap scum formation of the product, especially in hard water. These nonionic surfactants are usually ethoxylated fatty materials, such as H0CH2CH20(CH2CH20) R. These are commonly based on triglycerides or fatty alcohols. Amphoteric surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine and cocoamphoacetate, are more recent surfactants in the bar soap area and are typically used at low levels (<2%) as secondary surfactants. These materials can have a dramatic impact on both the lathering and mildness of products (26). 

As a result of many painstaking investigations, the soils on apparel encountered in laundering have been shown to be complex mixtures containing both oily and finely divided soHd material (1,2). The oily material consists largely of fatty acids and polar fatty material but a considerable proportion of neutral nonpolar oil is also present. The soHd components vary widely with the locale in which samples are taken, and resemble local street dust in composition. 

Another aspect of process improvement is color improvement. Eor example, use of phosphoric acid and formaldehyde on the dimer product is said to improve color (68). Other treatments, both on the raw materials and on the finished product, have also been used. Most of these are variations of standard fatty material color reduction techniques. 

Proteia and starch stains are removed by proteases and amylases, respectively. Fats and oils are generally difficult to remove at low wash temperatures by conventional detergents. By usiag Upases, it is possible to improve the removal of fats/oils of animal and vegetable origin even at temperatures where the fatty material is ia a soUd form. Particulate soils can be difficult to remove, especially if the particle sise is small. Removal of particulate soil from cotton fabric can be improved by use of a ceUulase which removes cellulose fibrils from the surface of the yam. 

Suitable organic solvents, such as ether, benzene, naphtha and the like, are more soluble than in water. This makes it possible to separate them from other substances which may accompany them in the water solution but which are not soluble in the solvents employed. Hence, one application of solvent extraction is the analytical determination of unsaponifiable oils and waxes in admixture with fatty material by submitting the mixture to vigorous saponification with alcoholic potash or, if necessary, sodium ethylate, and to dilute the product with water and extract with petroleum ether. The soaps remain in the aqueous solution while the unsaponifiable oils and waxes dissolved in the ether. The addition of a salt to an aqueous solution prior to extraction is sometimes practiced in some processes. In older processes, SOj is employed in the separation of aromatic and highly saturated hydrocarbons, taking advantage of the much greater solubility of the solubility of the aromatics and... 

The smearing types of material are usually lubricating grease compositions, i.e. blends of soaps and lubricating oil, biit may be mixtures containing petrolatum, oil, lanolin or fatty material. They are softer than the hot-dip materials to pOrmit cold application by smearing. 

The amount of air whipped into the fat is also of importance. Many processors of fatty materials include air or an inert gas in the fat as a means of obtaining a lighter product. This gas is intimately mixed with the fat particles, and, if oxygen is present, deterioration will proceed more rapidly than would be the case if the gas used were inert. 

An important point is that we must assume that the technician is practicing meticulous cleanliness of all materials which come in contact with the fatty material to be... 

Where contamination from edible oils, fats, solvents, and the like occurs, the development of stable foams or colloids, saponification of fatty materials into crude soaps, and a very serious risk to heat transfer surfaces may result. 

The closure of the twist-off jars is rather labor-intensive. In addition there is also a risk of leakage, even when using the twist-off lid system. Particularly with fatty materials, the jars can become fatty and slippery on their outer surface. The consequence can be that the closing machine cannot fix the jar in one position and the jar start to rotate during closure, resulting in a poorly closed lid, which can start to leak... 

In a Norwegian study, Van Dusseldorp et al.21 randomly assigned 64 women and men to consume either 6 cups/day of boiled coffee, 6 cups/ day of boiled coffee that was subsequently also paper-filtered, or to abstain from coffee for 79 days. Boiled coffee intake increased cholesterol levels significantly by 0.55 mmol/L (21 mg/dL), compared to non-significant changes in both of the other groups. Examination of the paper filters used in this study indicated that 88% of the fatty-material present in the boiled coffee was trapped by the paper filter. 

Additionally, in a crossover study over two 4-week periods that similarly compared boiled coffee with boiled coffee that was paper-filtered, 20 Finnish women and men consumed an average of 8.3 cups of coffee per day. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG levels were all significantly higher during the boiled coffee period (0.36, 0.33, and 0.26 mmol/L [14,13, and 23 mg/dL], respectively). Examination of the paper filters indicated that 80% of the fatty material present in the boiled coffee was trapped by the paper filter.22... 

Extracts of these fat samples were treated with sodium sulfate-concentrated sulfuric acid mixture and fuming acid by the method described by Schechter et al. 5) in order to separate the organic-chlorine compound from the fatty materials. An infrared spectrum from 7 to 15 microns on carbon disulfide solutions of the residues from the fat qualitatively identified the organic-chlorine compound as toxaphene. All the bands of toxaphene in this spectral region were plainly seen in the treated steer extract, whereas none of the absorption bands were visible in the untreated steer extract. 

Oils. Among many investigated oils, soy oil, middle-chain triglycerides (MCT), safflower oil, and cottonseed oils are favoured for use as the oil phase due to their low incidence of toxic reactions. Purity is regarded as an important criterion for parenteral use. Undesirable contaminants such as hydrogenated oil, saturated fatty materials, pigments, or oxidative decomposition products should be minimized. 

Use of liquid nitrogen in cryogenic grinding of fatty materials led to an explosion. Condensation of liquid oxygen onto the fatty material, with initiation by the grinding friction seems a likely causative sequence. 

These surfactant agents, docusate in its various salts, work by facilitating the mixing of aqueous and fatty materials within the intestinal tract. They may increase water and electrolyte secretion in the small and large bowel. 

The lutetium complex 57 is currently under clinical evaluation as a photosensitizer for the treatment of cancer. This complex possesses a strong broad absorption band centered at 732 nm (247). Upon absorption of light, 57 becomes activated to a long-lived triplet state and reacts with 302 to generate cytotoxic. Complex 57 is also on clinical trial as a photosensitizer for the treatment of atherosclerisis, a vascular disease caused by deposition of cholesterol and other fatty materials in the walls of blood vessels. 

Di Muccio A, Ausili A, Dommarco R, et al. 1991. Solid-matrix partition for separation of organochlorine pesticide residues from fatty materials. J Chromatog 552 241-247. 

Scheme 12.3 Chemoenzymatic generation of the peroxycarboxylic acid and subsequent epoxidation of the fatty material.

The same problem was with the biobed on the rendering plant. The bottom of the biobed, just above the slatted floor, was polluted by fatty material. The pressure drop over the biobed came lower after mixing the peat-heather material and installation of an airscrubber to remove solids and fatty parts. 

The physical properties of a chemical, which are in turn functions of its chemical structure, have a powerful influence on its likelihood of getting through the skin. Generally, chemicals must be capable of dissolving fairly readily in both water and fat-like materials. Substances that dissolve only in water and those that have little affinity for water but only for fatty materials, do not get far. Large molecules cannot move as easily through the skin as can smaller ones. Substances that do not dissolve well in water or any other solvent just cannot penetrate in measurable amounts. 

This work describes the application of a previous study which dealt primarily with organic synthesis and physical properties of reaction products of pure fatty acids with BETA. Derivatives to amplify the previous study were prepared from various industrial fatty materials. The reaction product, from 1 mole diethylenetriamine (BETA) with 2 moles fatty acid, was thought to be the primary amine, RC0N(CH2CH2NH2) CH2CH2NHCOR, rather than the secondary amine, as cited in the literature. The amine was readily dehydrated to the imidazoline,... 

The BETA derivatives from industrial fatty materials for soils application were of special interest because of their ready availability, low cost, and greater solubility... 

To overcome this difficulty, we examined the BETA derivatives of some other fatty materials, hoping to find an hydrophobe with a lower melting point. 

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