Escherichia coli endotoxin

TNF is produced and secreted by activated cells within minutes following contact with LPS, reaching peak levels at 90-120 minutes after the admnistration of Escherichia coli endotoxin in human volunteers (M27). Van Deventer et al. (D15) could not detect serum TNF levels during experimental endotoxemia. Even during continuous intravenous administration of recombinant TNF (rTNF), serum TNF rapidly becomes undetectable (M27). It has been proposed that circulating soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs) may be an important down-regulating mechanism (G10). 

Shock prevention. Oil, administered to rats injected with Escherichia coli endotoxin, produced a significant effech" h Sickness behavior. Hydrogenated oil, administered to Swiss Webster mice at a dose of 17% w/w for 6 weeks, produced the bioactivity of plasma TNF-a equal to 32.6 + 3.6 ng/mL in mice fed coconut oil diet compared to mice fed fish oil (98.2 + 5.1 ng/ mL) 5... 

Ray, B.L. Raetz, C.R.H. The biosynthesis of Gram-negative endotoxin. A novel kinase in Escherichia coli membranes that incorporates the 4-phosphate of lipid A. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 1122-1128 (1987)... 

Garrett, T.A. Kadrmas, J.L. Raetz, C.R. Identification of the gene encoding the Escherichia coli lipid A 4 -kinase. Facile phosphorylation of endotoxin analogs with recombinant LpxK. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 21855-21864 (1997)... 

We found that P3 combined with cell walls of endotoxin containing gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, induced complete regression of line 10 tumors (6 ). 

Inoculate commodity samples with a known amount of endotoxin (e.g., 10-100 ng Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, obtainable from several commercial sources). The endotoxin should be contained in a volume of water equal to the residual water volume following the washing procedure used prior to sterilization. 

Avis, K. E., Jewell, R. C., Ludwig, J. D. Studies on the thermal destruction of Escherichia coli endotoxin. J Parenter Drug Assoc 41 49 (1987). 

Braude, A.E., Jones, J.L., Douglas, H. The behavior Escherichia coli endotoxin (somatic antigen) during infectious arthritis, J Immunol 90 (1960) 297-312. 

Lugowski, C., Niedziela, T., Jachymek, W. Anti-endotoxin antibodies directed against Escherichia coli Rl oligosaccharide core-tetanus toxoid conjugate bind to smooth live bacteria and smooth lipopolysaccharides and attenuate their tumor necrosis factor stimulating activity, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 16 (1996b) 31-38. 

Lugowski, C., Czaja, J., Jachymek, W., Niedziela, T. Lakomska, J. Serological characterization of anti-endotoxin serum directed against the conjugate of oligosaccharide core of Escherichia coli type R4 with tetanus toxoid. J Endotoxin Res 6 (2000) 166 (Abstr). 

Pollack, M., Huang, A.I., Prescott, R.K., Young, L.S., Hunter, K.W., Cruess, D.F., Tsai, C.M. Enhanced survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia associated with high levels of circulating antibody to Escherichia coli endotoxin core. J Clin Invest 72 (1983) 1874-1881. 

The initial emphasis in analytical biotechnology was on broad safety concerns that translated into detection of host-cell components such as DNA, endotoxins, Escherichia colt proteins, and retroviral contamination.2 The detection of these impurities requires development of high-sensitivity assays that are based primarily on antibodies [e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E. coli proteins) or radioactivity (e.g., dot-blot assays for DNA detection). New developments are focused on low-sensitivity detection, characterization, and removal of undesirable target sequence variants. Bioseparations play an important role even after a product has been isolated and shown to contain a low level of contaminants for initiation of clinical studies. The focus shifts to achievement of a reproducible, large-scale manufacturing process. At this stage, analytical methods provide essential informa-... 

Raetz CR, Garrett TA, Reynolds CM, Shaw WA, Moore JD, Smith DC Jr, Ribeiro AA, Murphy RC, Ulevitch RJ, Fearns C, et al. Kdo2-Lipid A of Escherichia coli, a defined endotoxin that activates macrophages via TLR-4. J. Lipid Res. 2006 47 1097-1111. 

Systemic hyperthermia alone is a powerful stimulus to ACTH release. Hypothermia has the opposite effect. Another significant stimulus is Escherichia coli endotoxin (E2). Patients, however, may have an adrenocortical response as a result of fever alone (R2). 

The addition of tobramycin reduced the amount of cefur-oxime-induced endotoxin released per killed Escherichia coli to a level that was even lower than that of tobramycin alone, despite an increased killing rate (45). Increasing concentrations of tobramycin led to a rednction in endotoxin release, pointing to a possible benefit of once-daily dosing regimens. 

Sjolin J, Goscinski G, Lundholm M, Bring J, Odenholt I. Endotoxin release from Escherichia coli after exposure to tobramycin dose-dependency and reduction in cefuroxime-induced endotoxin release Clin Microbiol Infect 2000 6(2) 74-81. 

They are generally toxic to most body tissues, and are less potent than exotoxins. They are typified by the following, Escherichia coli (wound infection and septicaemia), Klebsiella pneumoniae (urogenital tract infections). Shigella dysenterlae (dysentery). Salmonella typhosa (typhoid fever), Pasteurella pestis (bubonic plague) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (wound infections and septicaemia). Not all of these endotoxins are fully characterized, and some toxic mechanisms are obscure. 

Berczi I, Bertok L, Bereznai T. 1966. Comparative studies on the toxicity a[ Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in various animal species. Can. J. Microbiol. 12 1070-71... 

In the presence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever in dogs and etio-cholanolone-stimulated fever in human beings, the serum concentrations of gentamicin are lower than in the afebrile state (Fig. 3.1) (Pennington et al., 1975). This could be attributed to increased extravascular distribution of gentamicin, although renal clearance and the half-life of the antibiotic were not significantly... 

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