Design range

When designing a distillation column, the main degrees of freedom are  

The height of the column section is determined mainly by the number of stages or plates required which in turn depends on how easy or difficult the mixture is to separate, i.e. the extent of separation. If the boiling points of the components to be separated are close, then a large number of stages are required leading to a very tall column. The column height is limited, however, by factors such a wind conditions, etc. 

The diameter of the column section is determined mainly by the amount of material flowing in the column, which in turn depends on the reflux ratio, i.e. how much liquid is returned from the top of the column, and the boilup, i.e. how high the heat input is at the bottom. 

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Many kinds of detectors have been designed, ranging from the widely used, cheap but robust flame ionization (GC) or ultraviolet absorption type (LC) to the much more exciting and informative, if much more expensive, mass spectrometer. 

The operating air/fuel mixture of the two-stroke engine designs range from 1.3 to 2.0 stoichiometric. This lean mixture plus the characteristic internal exhaust gas recirculation lowers the peak combustion temperatures and results in low NO formation. 

Anodic Protection On the reverse anodic scan there will be a low current region (LCB) in the passive range. The passive potential range of the LCB is generally much narrower than the passive region seen on a forward slow scan. In anodic protection (AP) work the midpoint of the LCB potential is the preferred design range. This factor was verified for sulfuric acid in our laboratory and field studies. 

Normal upper limit of standard design range design for vaporization above this level should be handled with caution. Maximum if field data are available. 

Hydrolysis of cellulose acetate membranes is another operational problem and occurs whenever the feed is too acid or alkaline that is, the pH deviates beyond designed range limits. As may readily happen, whenever C02 passes through the... 

The manufacturing design range is a range of pressure within which the marked burst pressure must fail to be acceptable for a particular requirement as agreed upon between the rupture disc manufacturer and the user or his agent. 

Volume Rate, Actual m /s Molecular Weight Viscosity, mPa-s Pressure, kPa (bar a) Temperature, °C Design Range, % of Normal... 

For Figure 9-21A the loading region is centered about the 0.75 in/ft pressure drop curve the preferred design range being 0.35 to a maximum of 1.0 in. of water/ft. 

The thermostatic expansion valve is substantially an undamped proportional control and hunts continuously, although the amplitude of this swing can be limited by correct selection and installation, and if the valve always works within its design range of mass flow. Difficulties arise when compressors are run at reduced load and the refrigerant mass flow falls below the valve design range. It is helpful... 

The revised Tri-Service design manual uses Far and Close-in Design Ranges rather than Low-Intermediate and High Design Pressures... 

WAVEFORM DESIGN, RANGE CFAR AND TARGET RECOGNITION... 

Waveform Design, Range CFAR and Target Recognition... 

Several dynamic analysis methods are used for blast resistant design ranging from simple hand calculations and graphical solutions to more complex computer based applications. One of the purposes of this chapter is to convey analysis methods which provide the necessary balance between sufficient accuracy and calculation simplicity. 

Figure 3.2 Ecstasy tablets come in many colors, with hundreds of different designs imprinted on them. The designs range from sports and car logos to catchy names, cartoon characters, and popular symbols, making them all the more appealing to teenagers.

The second factor which would tend to make effective ranges larger than those recorded is that these designated ranges for single items often purport to apply to only 95 per cent of the population, 16 and it seems unjustified to disregard, for example, for each item measured, the approximately 8 million people in the United States who would happen to fall near the end of the distribution curve for one item but not for another. 

It has been a long time since the invention of the lead-acid battery, but it still represents the most important secondary chemical power source—both in number of types and diversity of application. The lead-acid battery has maintained its leading role for so many decades due to its competitive electrical characteristics and price and due to its adaptability to new applications. It is manufactured in a variety of sizes and designs, ranging from less than 1 to over 10 000 A h.206... 

Other studies by Drakesmith and Hughes [124] have used the fluorination of propene and octanoyl chloride as model compounds to investigate the effects of anode potential, current density, reactant concentration, temperature, etc. on reproducibility, product structure, distribution and yield in novel cell designs ranging in scale from 100 ml to 1001 cell capacities. 

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